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A possible relationship due to magnetic disturbances Randall W J Interdicipl Cycl Res 20 1989 2654 Housing and health: electromagnetic radiation in homes Lowry S Br Med J 299 dec 16 1989 15175 Exposure of human cells to low-frequency electromagnetic fields results in quantitative changes in transcripts Goodman R et al BBA 1009 1989 2166 The cyclotron saga continues Halnan K & Sikora K Br Med J 300 1990 1187 The cyclotron saga continues Bates TD Br Med J 300 1990 468 Facial skin complaints and work at visual display units - epidemiological, clinical and histopathological studies (114 ref) Berg M Acta Dermato-Venerol suppl 150 1989 3-409 The response of living cells to very weak electric fields: the thermal noise limit Weaver JC & Astumian RD Science 247 1990 4590 The history of concerns about VDTs Sciali AR Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 431 The developmental effects of pulsed magnetic fields on animal embryos Berman E Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 452 Epidemiologic studies of VDT use and pregnancy outcome Marcus M Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 513 The risk of miscarriage and birth defects among women who use visual display terminals during pregnancy Goldhaber MK Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 574 The NIOSH study of reproductive outcomes among video display terminal operators schnorr TM Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 61; 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Cepaea- Nemoralis Kavaliers M et al Brain Res 554 1991 65 Electrical and mechanical fields orient cortical microtubules in higher plant tissues Hush JM & Overall RL Cell Biol Int Rep 15 1991 551 Video display terminals and spontaneous abortions Slesin L & Conelly M NEJ Med 325 1991 811; Reply Newcombe RG & Coles EC p. 812; Schnorr TM et al p.812 Exposure to high tension power lines and childhood leukaemia - a pilot study Lowenthal RM et al Med J Austr 155 1991 347 A chromosomal study of workers with long-term exposure to radio- frequency radiation Garson OM et al Med J Austr 155 1991 289 Long-term pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) results in congenital pseudoarthrosis Bassett CAL & Schinkascani M Calcified Tiss Int 49 1991 216 Magnetic fields and the habenular complex Sandyk R et al Int J Neurosci 59 1991 263 Structural and functional changes in organelles of liver cells in rats exposed to magnetic fields Gorczynska E & Wegrzynowicz R Envir Res 55 1991 188 Biological effects on the cellular level of electric field pulses Adair RK Hlth Phys 61 1991 395 Associations are not effects Savitz DA Am J Epidemiol 134 1991 442; Jacobs DR p. 443; Reply Petitti DB p. 444 Microwave ovens - mapping the electrical field distribution Ng KH Med Lab Sci 48 1991 189 Inhibitory effects of powerline-frequency (60-Hz) magnetic fields on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and mortality in rats Ossenkopp KP & Cain DP Behav Brain res 44 1991 211 Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men Demers PA et al Am J Epidemiol 134 1991 340 Failure to reproduce increased calcium uptake in human lymphocytes at purported cyclotron resonance exposure conditions Prasad AV et al Rad Env Biophys 30 1991 305 Effect of pulsed magnetic fields on leukemia-prone AKR mice - no effect on mortality through five generations Bellossi A Leukemia Res 15 1991 899 Magnetic field elicits hypotension mediated by platelet activating factor in rats injected with iron beads Meszaros K Biochem Biophys Res Comm 180 1991 315 The effect of an impulsed electromagnetic field on calcium accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the rat heart muscle Loginov VA et al Kosm Biol aviak Med 25:5 1991 51 Cancer Promotion in a Mouse-Skin Model by a 60-Hz Magnetic Field .1. Experimental Design and Exposure System. Stuchly MA; Lecuyer DW; Mclean J Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p261- 271 1991 The rationale for selection of an animal model, the experimental design, and the design and evaluation of an exposure system used in studies of 60-Hz magnetic fields are described. The studies were conceived to assay development of cancer and immune responsiveness in mice exposed to magnetic fields. The exposure system utilized a quadrupole- coil configuration to minimize stray magnetic fields. Four square-wound coil provided a uniform field within a volume occupied by 16 animal cages. The magnetic field had a mean flux density of 2 mT that varied less than +/- 10% within the volume occupied by animals' cages. The flux density decreased to less than 0.1-mu-T at a distance of 2 m from the coils. In each exposure system 32 animals could be housed in plastic cages. Cancer Promotion in a Mouse-Skin Model by a 60-Hz Magnetic Field .2. Tumor Development and Immune Response. Mclean JRN; Stuchly MA; Mitchel REJ; Wilkinson D; Yang H; Goddard M; Lecuyer DW; Schunk M; Callary E; Morrison D Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p273- 287 1991 This paper describes preliminary findings on the influence of 60-Hz (2-mT) magnetic fields on tumor promotion and co- promotion in the skins of mice. The effect of magnetic fields on natural killer (NK) cell activity in spleen and blood was also examined. Groups of 32 juvenile female mice were exposed to the magnetic field as described in part I. The dorsal skin of all animals was treated with a subthreshold dose of the carcinogen 7,12- dimethyl- benz(a)anthracene (DMBA). One week after the treatment, two groups were sham exposed (group A) or field exposed at 2 mT (group B) 6 h/day for 21 weeks, to test whether the field would act as a tumor promoter. No tumors developed in these two groups of mice. To test whether the magnetic field would modify tumor development by directly affecting tumor growth or by suppressing immune surveillance, two additional groups of mice were treated weekly with the tumor promoter 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and then either sham exposed (group C) or field exposed (group D). The time to appearance of tumors was shorter (but not statistically so) in the group exposed to magnetic fields and TPA. Some differences in NK cell activity and spleen size were observed between the sham- and field- exposed groups. Absence of a Synergistic Effect Between Moderate-Power Radio- Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Adriamycin on Cell-Cycle Progression and Sister-Chromatid Exchange. Ciaravino V; Meltz ML; Erwin DN Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p289-298 1991 In our laboratories we are conducting investigations of potential interactions between radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) and chemicals that are toxic by different mechanisms to mammalian cells. The RFR is being tested at frequencies in the microwave range and at different power levels. We report here on the 1) ability of simultaneous RFR exposures to alter the distribution of cells in first and second mitoses from that after treatment by adriamycin alone, and 2) on the ability of simultaneous RFR exposure to alter the extent of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by adriamycin alone. This chemical was selected because of its reported mechanism of action and because it is of interest in the treatment of cancer. In our studies, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 2 h simultaneously to adriamycin and pulsed RFR at a frequency of 2,450 MHz and a specific absorption rate of 33.8 W/Kg. The maximal temperature (in the tissue-culture medium) was 39.7 +/- 0.2-degrees-C. The experiments were controlled for chemical and RFR exposures, as well as for temperature. Verified statistically, the data indicate that the RFR did not affect changes in cell progression caused by adriamycin, and the RFR did not change the number of SCEs that were induced by the adriamycin, which adriamycin is known to affect cells by damaging their membranes and DNA. Morphological and Electrophysiological Changes Produced by Electrical Stimulation in Cultured Neuroblastoma Cells. Krauthamer V; Bekken M; Horowitz JL Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p299-314 1991 Electric fields, which were equivalent to those generated by medical devices, were applied to cultured neuroblastoma cells (mouse and human) to test for morphological damage and to establish damage thresholds. Each of two methods of applying fields permitted flow of electrical current and minimized exposure of cells to electrode- breakdown products. One method consisted of a pair of parallel wires in a Petri dish by which current was delivered within a fixed volume of flowing tissue-culture media. With the other method, the cells were held in a confined geometrical chamber and current was applied via agar bridges. Under a given set of stimulation parameters, damage was found to be variable from cell to cell. By changing the strength of the electric field (frequency and duration of stimulation held constant), thresholds of several V/cm were found above which cell damage could be reliably produced. Depending on the intensity of the field, damage took the form of cell lysis or damage to neurites. Intracellular recordings from the mouse neuroblastoma cells revealed a correlation between a decline in resting transmembrane potential and stimulus intensity. Human neuroblastoma cells were less susceptible to damage than were the mouse neuroblastoma cells, given the same strength of applied electric fields. Modification of the 1979 Denver Wire Code for Different Wire or Plumbing Types. Leeper E; Wertheimer N; Savitz D; Barnes F; Wachtel H Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p315-318 1991 This article examines "wire configuration coding" as used to estimate relative residential AC magnetic field exposure in epidemiological studies-and the need to alter such coding for time or locations other than those in which the code was developed. Effects of different secondary wire practices are particularly examined. Electric Fields Induced in Chicken Eggs by 60-Hz Magnetic Fields and the Dosimetric Importance of Biological Membranes.Miller DLBioelectromagnetics; 12 (6) p349-3601991 * Chicken eggs are convenient models for observing the effects of inhomogeneities and variations, such as those found in biological membranes and in cellular conductivities, on the distribution of internal electric fields as induced by exposure to magnetic fields. The vitelline membrane separates the yolk, which has a conductivity of 0.26 S/m, from the white, which has a conductivity of 0.85 S/m. A miniaturized probe with 2.4-mm resolution was used to measure induced fields in eggs placed in a uniform, 1-mT magnetic field at 60 Hz. The E fields induced in eggs with homogenized contents agreed with expectations based on simple theory. Results were similar to intact eggs unless the probe moved the yolk off- center, which greatly perturbed the induced fields. A more reproducible arrangement, which consisted of saline-agar filled dishes with a hole cut for test samples, was developed to enhance definition of electrical parameters. With this test system, the vitelline membrane was found to be responsible for most of the perturbation of the induced field, because it electrically isolates the yolk from the surrounding white. From a theoretical viewpoint, this dosimetry for the macroscopic eeg yolk is analogous to the interaction of fields with microscopic cells. These findings may have important implications for research on biological effects of ELF electromagnetic fields, especially for studies of avian embryonic development. Effects of Exposure to a 60-kV/m, 60-Hz Electric Field on the Social Behavior of Baboons.Easley SP; Coelho AM; Rogers WRBioelectromagnetics; 12 (6) p361-3751991 * We found in a previously reported study that exposure to a 30- kV/m, 60-Hz electric field had significant effects on the social behavior of baboons. However, it was not established whether or not the effects were related specifically to the 30-kV/m intensity of the field. A new experiment was conducted to determine whether or not exposure to a 60-Hz electric field at 60 kV/m would produce like changes in the baboons' social behavior. We exposed one group of eight male baboons to an electric field 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 6 weeks. A second group of eight animals was maintained under sham-exposure (control) conditions. Rates of performing on each of six categories of social behavior and on four categories of nonsocial behavior were used as criteria for comparing exposed with unexposed subjects and for within- group comparisons during three six-week experimental periods: Pre-Exposure, Exposure. and Post-Exposure. The results indicate that (I ) during the exposure period, exposed animals exhibited statistically significant differences from controls in means of performance rates based on several behavioral categories; (2) across all three periods. within-group comparisons revealed that behaviors of exposed baboons were significantly affected by exposure to the electric field; (3) changes in performance levels probably reflect a stress response to the electric field; and (4) the means of response rates of animals exposed at 60 kV/m were higher, but not double, those of animals exposed at 30 kV/m. As in the 30-kV/m experiment, animals exposed at 60 kV/m exhibited significant differences in performances of Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. Mean rates of performing these categories were 122% (Passive Affinity), 48% (Tension), and 40% (Stereotypy) higher in the exposed group than in the control group during exposure to the 60-kV/m field. Invitro Exposure Parameters with Linearly and Circularly Polarized ELF Magnetic Fields.Misakian MBioelectromagnetics; 12 (6) p377-3811991 * A comparison is made of induced current densities, electric fields, and rates of energy deposition during in vitro studies with linearly and circularly polarized, extremely low frequency magnetic fields for a cylindrical volume of culture medium. Cancer Risks Related to Electricity Production.Boffetta P; Cardis E; Vainio H; Coleman MP; Kogevinas M; Nordberg G; Parkin DM; Partensky C; Shuker D; Tomatis LEuropean Journal of Cancer; 27 (11) p1504-15191991 * The International Agency for Research on Cancer has previously evaluated the cancer risks associated with fossil fuel-based industrial processes such as coal gasification and coke production, substances and mixtures such as coal tars, coal tar pitch and mineral oils, and a number of substances emitted from fossil-fuelled plants such as benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and formaldehyde. Based on these evaluations and other evidence from the literature, the carcinogenic risks to the general population and occupational groups from the fossil fuel cycle, the nuclear fuel cycle and renewable cycles are reviewed. Cancer risks from waste disposal, accidents and misuses, and electricity distribution are also considered. No cycle appears to be totally free from cancer risk, but the quantification of the effects of such exposures (in particular of those involving potential exposure to large amounts of carcinogens, such as coal, oil and nuclear) requires the application of methods which are subject to considerable margins of error. Uncertainties due to inadequate data and unconfirmed assumptions are discussed. Cancer risks related to the operation of renewable energy sources are negligible, although there may be some risks from construction of such installations. The elements of knowledge at our disposal do not encourage any attempt toward a quantitative comparative risk assessment. However, even in the absence of an accurate quantification of risk, qualitative indication of carcinogenic hazards should lead to preventive measures. Changes in Liver and Kidney Concentration of Copper, Manganese, Cobalt and Iron in Rats Exposed to Static and Low-Frequency (50 Hz) Magnetic Fields.Duda D; Grzesik J; Pawlicki KJournal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease; 5 (3) p181- 186SEP 1991 * The concentration of copper, manganese, cobalt, and iron in the liver and kidneys of fertilized and not-fertilized rats exposed to static and low-frequency magnetic fields has been analysed. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, no change in concentration has been observed in pregnant rats after exposure to static field. However, significant changes have been observed in fertilized animal exposed 2 hours daily to low-frequency magnetic fields. Changes in concentration of the above- mentioned metals have also been observed in the kidneys of non-fertilized female rats. It seems possible that alternating magnetic fields may have an influence on biological substances which contain metals and on the metabolism of such substances as well. Fetal Loss Associated with Two Seasonal Sources of Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Klauenberg BJ American Journal of Epidemiology; 134 (8) p913-914 OCT 15 1991; Fetal Loss Associated with Two Seasonal Sources of Electromagnetic Field Exposure - Reply. Wertheimer N; Leeper E American Journal of Epidemiology; 134 (8) p915-916 OCT 15 1991 Effects of Direct Current on Renal Function - An Experimental Study in Pigs. Kinn AC; Nordenstrom BEW; Elbarouni J; Nilsson I Urological Research; 19 (6) p397-400 NOV 1991 *Electric current from an external source was introduced between electrodes operatively placed into the ureters and positioned in the renal pelves of 13 pigs. Urinary excretion via the cathodic kidney showed a marked increase. The renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate diminished with increasing voltage, but no significant difference was found between the cathodic and the anodic kidney. The fractional sodium excretion by the cathodic kidney was 80% higher, indicating that the electric current mainly affected tubular function. A possible clinical application for electric fields in the kidneys is discussed. The Force of Mutual Cell Attraction Induced by Radio Frequency Electric Fields. Zhelev DV; Kuzmin PI; Dimitrov DS Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 26 (2) p193-203 OCT 1991 *The mutual approach of pea protoplasts induced by high frequency electric fields (1 to 11.5 MHz) was measured as a function of time. The force of attraction was calculated from the rates of cell approach. It varied from about 10(-14) N for separation of 3 cell diameters to about 10(- 12) N for separation of 1-mu-m at field strength 36 V/cm and solution conductivity 0.24 mS/cm. The force decreased with increasing conductivity but was not sensitive to frequency variations in the 1 to 11.5 MHz range. The numerical calculation based on the exact solution of the Laplace equation for two conducting spheres in dielectric medium gave a functional dependence similar to the experimental observation, but yielded higher values for the force. These first quantitative measurements of intercellular force induced by radio- frequency electric fields indicate that attraction depends strongly on separation and medium conductivity, but not significantly on frequency. These findings may help in understanding mechanisms of interactions of cells with electric fields, cell electrofusion and electrocoagulation. Lack of c-mitotic Effects in V79 Chinese Hamster Cells Exposed to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields. Saalman E; Onfelt A; Gillstedthedman B Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 26 (2) p335- 338 OCT 1991 Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia. London SJ; Thomas DC; Bowman JD; Sobel E; Cheng TC; Peters JM American Journal of Epidemiology; 134 (9) p923-937 NOV 1 1991 *The relation between exposure to electric and magnetic fields in the home, as assessed by measurements, wiring configuration, and self-reported appliance use, and risk of leukemia was investigated in a case-control study among children from birth to age 10 years in Los Angeles County, California. Cases were ascertained through a population- based tumor registry from 1980 to 1987. Controls were drawn from friends and by random digit dialing. Interviews were obtained from 232 cases and 232 controls. Available for analysis were measurements of the magnetic field in the child's bedroom over 24 hours or longer (164 cases and 144 controls), spot measurements of magnetic and electric fields (140 cases and 109 controls), and wiring configuration (219 cases and 207 controls). No clear associations between leukemia risk and measured magnetic or electric fields were seen. An association between the Denver Wertheimer-Leeper wiring configuration and childhood leukemia risk was observed (odds ratio for very high relative to very low current and underground configuration combined = 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.08-4.28; p for trend = 0.008) and was not substantially altered by adjustment for potential confounding factors. Cases were more likely than controls to report use of several appliances that produce high electric and magnetic fields. Our results support an association between childhood leukemia risk and wiring configuration, but not direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic Fields - Little Accord on Priorities. Pool R Nature; 354 (6351) p260 NOV 28 1991 An Identifiable Molluscan Neuron Responds to Changes in Earth- Strength Magnetic Fields. Lohmann KJ; Willows AOD; Pinter RB Journal of Experimental Biology; 161 (NOV) p1-24 NOV 1991 *Diverse animals can orient using geomagnetic cues, but little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie magnetic field detection. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea (Bergh) has a magnetic sense and its nervous system is amenable to cellular- level electrophysiological analysis. In a semi-intact whole- animal preparation, intracellular recordings from the large, visually identifiable neurons left pedal 5 (LPe5) and right pedal 5 (RPe5) in the brain of Tritonia revealed enhanced electrical activity in response to changes in ambient earth- strength magnetic fields. No such changes in activity were observed in approximately 50 other neurons subjected to identical magnetic stimuli. The responses of LPe5 were characterized by increases in spiking frequency occurring about 6-16 min after the ambient magnetic field had been rotated to a new position. The response was abolished when the brain had been isolated from the periphery of the animal by severing nerves, a procedure that also transected prominent neurites of LPe5. We hypothesize that LPe5 is one component of a neural circuit mediating detection of the earth's magnetic field or orientation to it. The Initial Orientation of Homing Pigeons at the Magnetic Equator - Compass Mechanisms and the Effect of Applied Magnets. Ranvaud R; Schmidtkoenig K; Ganzhorn JU; Kiepenheuer J; Gasparotto OC; Britto LRG Journal of Experimental Biology; 161 (NOV) p299-314 NOV 1991 *Homing pigeons are thought to use the earth's magnetic field for direction finding. Though the sensory system and the characteristics of the magnetic field used are unknown, it can be hypothesized that pigeons have an inclination compass, as do some migratory birds. When released at the magnetic equator, this inclination compass ought to be suspended. In addition, releasing pigeons when the sun is at or very close to the zenith renders the sun compass inoperational. However, released under these conditions, homing pigeons are not disorientated. Though they vanish on average in a different direction from pigeons released when the sun compass is available, they still show a directional preference close to magnetic north. This directional preference could be disrupted in some years by the application of magnets to the pigeons' back. In other years this treatment as well as another magnetic treatment did not produce any difference between experimental pigeons and controls. These results confirm once more that, if magnetic effects exist, they are of a rather discrete nature. EM-Field Effect upon Properties of NADPH-Cytochrome-P-450 Reductase with Model Substrates. Brown HD; Chattopadhyay SK Cancer Biochemistry Biophysics; 12 (3) p211-215 1991 Human Sensitivity to Weak Magnetic Fields. Bell GB; Marino AA; Chesson AL; Struve FA Lancet; 338 (8781) p1521-1522 DEC 14 1991 On the Existence of the Effect of Heliogeophysical and Chemical Factors on Structural Peculiarities of Liquid Water. Poljak EA Biofizika; 36 (4) p565-568 JUL-AUG 1991 *The existence of the effect of heliogeophysical and chemical factors on structural peculiarities of liquid water is proved by the following data: on continuous formation-destruction in neutral liquid water in the course of steplike dissociation of hydroxonium ion of metastable uncharged compound [H3O(aq)+(H2O0,2eBAR)5], on liquid water preservation of some indications of the presence in it of some biologically active substances at indefenitely high degree of solvents dilution, and on the existence in the electrochemically activated water of three metastable forms with different relaxation times. Formation - destruction of the above metastable compound accompanied by the interaction of spatially separated charges and small perturbations bringing the system into a non-equilibrium state can be considered as a real cause of the intiation of lengmur plasma oscillations. The latter suggest possible formation of bose- quasi-particles in liquid water in the course of its steplike dissociation. Taking into account application of radioactive labels of control over solvents dilution when realizing the "memory" effect of liquid water, heavy water when distinguishing its three metastable forms by relaxation times, specific influence of the pattern of solvents stirring during their dilution with thermal and ultrasonic pretreatment and freezing, suggestions are presented concerning possible participation of charged bose- condensate in the realization of "memory" effect of liquid water. This effect is shown to be in qualitative similarity to that of superfluidity in liquid helium II near the absolute zero. Ability of liquid water to preserve and transmit information can be considered as the cause of the absence of stable positive effects when using activated water. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Charge Changes in Erythrocyte Membrane. Loginov VA Biofizika; 36 (4) p614-620 JUL- AUG 1991 *By means of hydrophobic anion phenyldicarbaundecaboron electrophoresis in PAA gels and filtration through "Millipore" filters an increase of the total membrane charge and decrease in the amount of membrane-bound proteins (actin, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphatedehydrogenase) after erythrocyte ghosts exposition in pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF, 1-10 Hz pulse frequency, 24 mTesla) were demonstrated. The effects of PEMF are explained by the changes in the distribution of electrostatic charges near the membrane protein-protein binding sites. Generalization of Gui-Chapman Model for Evaluating Galvanic Effect on the Organism Tissues. Shlygin VV Biofizika; 36 (4) p687-694 JUL-AUG 1991 *Spatial distributions of fixed charges and dielectric permeability known for the organism tissues are taken into account in the Gui-Chapman model. Estimation of the coefficient numeral value at the exponent in Boltsman distribution is specified. The pattern of potential redistribution due to the injection of electrons under galvanic effect is shown on the model. Conditions for possible generation of the action potential are evaluated. Monitors and EC Guidelines. Benbow AG Lancet; 338 (8782) p1598 DEC 21 1991 Effect of Low-Level Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Human Chromosomes Invitro - Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations. Garciasagredo JM; Monteagudo JL Hereditas; 115 (1) p9-11 1991 *The effects of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on human chromosomes with respect to the capacity of inducing chromosome breakage were studied. After human peripheral lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to pulsed electromagnetic fields at different intensities, a significant effect was observed for one of the intensities tested (40 Gauss), relative to the control group with respect to the yield of chromosome breakages. Growth Inhibition in Candida-Albicans Due to Low Intensity Constant Direct Current. Karba R; Gubina M; Vodovnik L Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p1-15 1991 *Electrical stimulation with weak constant direct currents is the treatment of choice for enhancement of wound healing. The use of a negative electrode placed in the wound has been reported to be successful in treating infected ulcers by inhibiting bacterial growth. The aim of our study was to examine the in vitro effects of a low intensity constant direct current of 0.2 to 1mA, applied for 2 to 18 hours on Candida albicans yeast. Electric current was applied using two systems: over Pt-Ir electrodes directly immersed in the culture medium and over agar bridges, which prevented the electrochemical reactions at the metal electrodes and their byproducts from influencing the microbe growth. It was found that even such weak direct currents inhibit the Candida albicans' growth. The inhibitory action was proportional to the magnitude and application time of the electric current. Changes in the Electric Field at an Injury Site During Healing Under Electrical Stimulation. Hart FX Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p33-51 1991 *Changes in the electrical properties of tissue during healing should affect the electric field and current density distributions produced by applied electric or magnetic fields. The electric field produced at a fracture site by surface electrodes is found using a finite-difference method, implemented with a commercially- available spread-sheet program on a microcomputer. The method is first validated by application to a two-layer cylinder. The model considered is the healing of a tibia fracture in an irregularly-shaped, anisotropic model of the human calf. Variations of the three components of the electric field throughout the calf due to the healing are examined. Significant changes are found at the fracture site and in its vicinity. Similar results should be observed with other forms of electromagnetic stimulation. Exposure to Strong Static Magnetic Fields Induces Hypoactivity in Weaning Mice. Pich EM; Solfrini V; Agnati LF; Savoldi F Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p53-64 1991 *We studied the effects of a prolongued exposure to a strong (1.0 Tesla) static and uniform magnetic field upon the open field behaviour and body weight of weaning mice. We observed a marked reduction in the exploratory activity of mice exposed to the field relative to that of control animals kept in similar surroundings, and handled in the same way as the exposed mice. One week of continuous exposure to a 1.0 T field significantly reduces peripheral square entries (p < 0.01) as well as rearings (p < 0.05), but has no effect on body weight. Our findings agree with the suggestion that a strong magnetic field may act as stressing agent. Exposure of Chicken Embryos to Selected Magnetic Fields. Koch WE; Koch BA Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p65-80 1991 *Tests were made to determine whether the development of chicken embryos was altered by exposure to time-varying magnetic fields. Unipolar square waves with periods of 100-mu-s, 1, 10, 20, and 30ms, and 20ms bipolar square and sinusoidal waves were tested. The nominal peak strength for each experiment was 1-mu-T. Neither the morphogenesis of the embryo nor the temporal aspects of development was altered by any tested field. Fertile eggs of several different strains of chickens were also tested to determine whether strain sensitivity to certain magnetic fields can account for the reports of positive effects of magnetic fields upon development. No significant alterations were noted in the embryos of any of the tested strains. Published reports of alterations in development following exposure to similar low level magnetic fields have not been confirmed in this laboratory. Effects of Resonant Magnetic Fields on Chick Femoral Development Invitro. Smith SD; Mcleod BR; Liboff AR Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p81-99 1991 *To assess the possibility that specific ionic resonances can influence bone development, 8-day chick femoral rudiments were explanted to lens paper rafts in BGJ(b) medium and exposed for 1/2 hr/day to combined 16 or 80 Hz, 2 x 10(-5) T (Tesla) peak sinusoidal and various static magnetic fields tuned to calcium, magnesium, potassium (16 Hz), and combined Ca/Mg (80 Hz) ion cyclotron resonances (CR) for 7 days. Ca/Mg tuned cultures were also exposed to 24, 4, 1, and 1/2 hr/day regimes to test for dose- response. Tuning for Ca, Mg, or Ca/Mg increased rudiment length and mid-shaft diameter, diaphyseal collar length and mid- shaft thickness, and reduced the gross L/D and diaphyseal L/T ratios, indicating greater robustness. Tuning for K produced exactly opposite results. There was no increase in effect if stimulation was increased beyond 1 hr/day for Ca/Mg combined tuning. These experiments indicate a significant effect of CR tuning on bone development in vitro. Effect of ELF Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Protein Kinase-C Activation Process in HL-60 Leukemia Cells. Monti MG; Pernecco L; Moruzzi MS; Battini R; Zaniol P; Barbiroli B Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p119-130 1991 *The activation of protein kinase C in HL-60 cells has been used as a model to investigate the molecular effects of the interaction of ELF pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) with the living systems. The shape of the pulsed magnetic field used in our experiments was a positive triangle (50 Hz, 8 mT peak). Protein kinase C is activated by association with plasma membranes; the membrane-associated enzyme binds phorbol esters. In the present study the process of protein kinase C activation was studied by measuring the binding of [H-3]-phorbol- 12, 13- dibutyrate. The extent of labelled PDBu binding to HL- 60 cells was increased by exposing the cells to the ELF electromagnetic field. Scatchard analysis of PDBu binding data showed an increased number of binding sites for the PDBu in the cells exposed to the electromagnetic field for 10, 15 or 20 min. Addition of EGTA to the culture medium resulted in a smaller stimulation of protein kinase C activation in the cells exposed to PEMF. ELF Electromagnetic Fields Affect Gene Expression of Regenerating Rat Liver Following Partial Hepatectomy. Battini R; Monti MG; Moruzzi MS; Ferrari S; Zaniol P; Barbiroli B Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p131-139 1991 *Pulsed extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs) influence the expression of oncogenes c-myc and c-ras and of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the regenerating rat liver following partial hepatectomy. In fact, while the mRNA's encoding both oncogenes are present in very low amounts in the normal liver, their concentration is dramatically increased during regeneration. Ornithine decarboxylase and c-myc mRNA's reach a maximum during the early phases of regeneration (3 hours after surgery) and decrease thereafter. c-ras mRNA reaches a maximum 40 hours after the operation. Treatment with ELF-PEMFs delivered to the animals immediately after the operation and every 12 hours thereafter increases the concentration of both oncogenes and of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA's at 3 hours (c-myc and ODC) and at 40 hours (c-ras) respectively. Differential Effects of Wave Form and the Subject's Possible Temporal Lobe Signs upon Experiences During Cerebral Exposure to Weak Intensity Magnetic Fields. Persinger MA; Koren SA; Makarec K; Richards P; Youlton S Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p141-184 1991 *In three separate experiments a total of 85 male and female university students were exposed within a Ganzfeld setting to weak (1 mG, 100 nT), complex magnetic field patterns. They were applied across the temporal lobes and generated by computer software. When the patterns were rotated spatially over the temporal lobes the numbers of subjective experiences that simulate possible temporal lobe signs and symptoms were markedly increased and qualitatively more extreme than those evoked when the fields were not rotated. A 16 Hz pulsed square wave generated more experiences of thought intrusion than a 4 Hz wave. A positive-feedback ringing wave presented at 4 Hz evoked more visual memories and images than the mirror image of the same wave; the effect was only apparent when the subject's quantitative scores for possible temporal lobe signs was covaried. Only those subjects who displayed above average temporal lobe signs and were exposed to a burst-firing wave pattern for one second once every 4 seconds (a condition intended to release endogenous opiates), reported more emotional perturbations when the state was disrupted relative to subjects who were exposed continuously to the same pattern. The results indicate that a person's temporal lobe profile affects the types and intensities of experiences that are reported when very weak magnetic fields are applied through the human brain. Absence of Non-Thermal Microwave Effects on the Function of Giant Nerve Fibers. Pakhomov AG; Dubovick BV; Kolupayev VE; Pronkevich AN Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1- 2) p185-203 1991 *Functioning of the giant axon of the isolated earthworm ventral nerve cord was examined during exposure to 6.45 GHz microwaves. We used continuous wave and pulsed irradiation, either synchronized with stimuli or asynchronous, lasting for 10-50 min at specific absorption rate from 30 to 230 W/kg. Action potential (AP) conduction velocity and the capability of nerve fiber to answer long-lasting high-frequency stimulation served as indices of microwave effect. Under some experimental conditions the nerve appeared to have extreme sensitivity to subtle temperature changes, induced by irradiation, but no non-thermal microwave effects were detected. Lymphocytes and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Ruggero C Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p205-212 1991 Electromagnetic Field Sensitivity. Rea WJ; Pan Y; Fenyves EJ; Sujisawa I; Suyama H; Samadi N; Ross GH Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p241-256 1991 *A multiphase study was performed to find an effective method to evaluate electromagnetic field (EMF) sensitivity of patients. The first phase developed criteria for controlled testing using an environment low in chemical, particulate, and EMF pollution. Monitoring devices were used in an effort to ensure that extraneous EMF would not interfere with the tests. A second phase involved a single-blind challenge of 100 patients who complained of EMF sensitivity to a series of fields ranging from 0 to 5 MHz in frequency, plus 5 blank challenges. Twenty-five patients were found who were sensitive to the fields, but did not react to the blanks. These were compared in the third phase to 25 healthy naive volunteer controls. None of the volunteers reacted to any challenge, active or blank, but 16 of the EMF-sensitive patients (64%) had positive signs and symptoms scores, plus autonomic nervous system changes. In the fourth phase, the 16 EMF-sensitive patients were rechallenged twice to the frequencies to which they were most sensitive during the previous challenge. The active frequency was found to be positive in 100% of the challenges, while all of the placebo tests were negative. We concluded that this study gives strong evidence that electromagnetic field sensitivity exists, and can be elicited under environmentally controlled conditions. Interpretation of the Effect of an Oscillating Electric Field on Membrane Enzymes. Robertson B; Astumian RD Biochemistry; 31 (1) p138-141 JAN 14 1992 *Theoretical expressions for the frequency and amplitude dependence of the rate of a catalyzed reaction are fitted to the data of Graziana et al. (1990) [Graziana, A., Ranjeva, R., & Teissie, J. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 8313- 83181 for Ca2+ uptake by carrot protoplasts in an oscillating electric field. This uptake is a direct (linear) measure of the rate of increase of ATP caused by a plasma membrane enzyme in the oscillating field. The fit gives 20 ms and 33-mu-s for the relaxation times of the enzyme and roughly 3 for the effective number of elementary changes displaced across the membrane by a conformational change of the enzyme in its catalytic cycle. Additional experiments are suggested to define further the mechanism of the enzymatic reaction. Engineering, Electromagnetic Radiation and Cancer Treatment - Organized on the Occasion of the Retirement of Huibert Sowden Reinhold, Delft, The Netherlands, 19 April 1991. Vanderzee J; Broerse JJ International Journal of Radiation Biology; 61 (1) p135-137 JAN 1992 Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Enhances the Induction of Rat Mammary Tumors by Nitrosomethyl Urea. Beniashvili DS; Bilanishvili VG; Menabde MZ Cancer Letters; 61 (1) p75-79 DEC 9 1991 *Low-frequency electromagnetic fields enhance the induction of mammary gland tumors in rats using nitrosomethyl urea. The incidence of tumors depended on the duration of exposure to static (dc) and variable (ac) magnetic fields. Variable magnetic fields induced mammary gland cancer much more frequently than static ones. Apart from increasing the incidence of mammary gland tumors, household low- frequency electromagnetic fields reduced the mean latent period of tumor development and led to predominance of malignant tumors in the exposed animals as compared to controls. Mammary gland tumors developed rarely under the effect of static or variable magnetic fields per se, without preliminary administration of a carcinogen. Household low- frequency electromagnetic fields may potentially present an oncogenic hazard for animals and humans. The Influence of Low-Frequency Magnetic Field on the Fluctuations of Daphnia-Magna Heart Beatings. Chemeris NK; Safronova VG Biologicheskie Membrany; 8 (11) p1212-1213 NOV 1991 Biological Effects of Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields - Mechanisms of Interaction. Beardwood CJ South African Journal of Science; 87 (11-1) p551-554 NOV-DEC 1991 *Recent research from many laboratories in the United States, Europe and the Soviet Union has produced convincing support for the view that electromagnetic fields (static, oscillating or a combination of both) cause significant biological effects in living systems. Bioeffects have been demonstrated under both in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. A number of the findings have been verified in independent laboratories and, most recently, predictable observations have been made for the first time from which testable hypotheses have arisen. Is Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer an Issue Worthy of Study. Stevens RG; Savitz DA Cancer; 69 (2) p603-606 JAN 15 1992; There Are No Biologic Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) - Reply. Moore GE Cancer; 69 (2) p606-607 JAN 15 1992 Time-Varying and Static Magnetic Fields Act in Combination to Alter Calcium Signal Transduction in the Lymphocyte. Yost MG; Liburdy RP FEBS Letters; 296 (2) p117-122 JAN 20 1992 *We have tested the hypothesis that extremely low frequency (ELF) time-varying magnetic fields act in combination with static magnetic fields to alter calcium signalling in the lymphocyte. Results indicate that a 60-min exposure of thymic lymphocytes at 37 +/- 0.05- degrees-C to a 16 Hz, 421 mG (42.1-mu-T) magnetic field simultaneously with a colinear static magnetic field of 234 mG (23.4-mu-T) (a.c./d.c. field intensity ratio = 1.8) inhibits calcium influx triggered by the mitogen Concanavalin A. Significantly, resting lymphocytes do not respond to the fields, thus, only mitogen-activated cells undergoing calcium signalling exhibit a field response. These results indicate that signal transduction involving calcium is an important biological constraint which operates to mediate this field interaction. Additional split field exposures show that the presence of the a.c. field or the d.c. field alone does not produce an effect. This is consistent with a proposed parametric resonance theory of interaction of low intensity magnetic fields with biological systems (L. L. Lednev (1991) Bioelectromagnetics 12, 71-75), which predicts the occurrence of biological effects at specific values for the frequency and field intensity of the ELF and static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics in the Service of Medicine - Acceptance Speech on the Occasion of Receiving the d'Arsonval Medal. Bassett CAL Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p7-17 1992; Theoretical Controversy and Reconciliation. Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p1-2 1992 Investigation of AC-DC Magnetic Field Effects in Planar Phospholipid Bilayers. Durney CH; Kaminski M; Anderson AA; Brucknerlea C; Janata J; Rappaport C Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p19-33 1992 *Observations recently reported by others indicate that a combination of a weak dc magnetic field and extremely-low- frequency ac magnetic field can produce resonant effects in biological systems. We report measurements of the effects of combined dc and ac magnetic fields on the dc current through channel-free planar phospholipid membranes. The combined dc-ac magnetic fields did affect the dc current through planar phospholipid membranes, but not in every membrane, and not consistently at the same values of magnetic flux density and frequency. None of our measurements showed resonant response akin to the cyclotron-like resonance reported in diatoms [Smith et al., 1987] and lymphocytes [Liboff et al., 1987]. Magnetic Field Exposure Assessment for Adult Residents of Maine Who Live Near and Far Away from Overhead Transmission Lines. Kavet R; Silva JM; Thornton D Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p35-55 1992 *Sixty-Hz magnetic field exposures were measured for 45 adult residents of Maine. Thirty of the subjects resided near rights- of-way (ROWs) with either 345- and 115-kV transmission lines, or ROWs with only 115-kV transmission lines; fifteen resided far from any transmission lines. Personal exposure data for a single 24-hour period was acquired with the EMDEX. The EMDEX's event- marker button was used to partition exposures into Home and Away components. Also, three area measurements were taken for each subject during the personal exposure measurement period: 1) 24-hr fixed-site bedroom measurement with a second EMDEX; 2) Spot measurements in at least three rooms of every residence; and 3) Spot measurements outside each residence. Residence near transmission lines highly loaded during the measurement period was associated with increased Home and Total exposure relative to a far-away population. Average exposure level while away from home was uniform (at about 2 mG) throughout the study population. On a quantitative level, Home exposure was correlated equivalently with Spot-In (r = .70) and the 24- hr fixed site measurement (r = .68). Correlations of area measurements with Total exposure were weaker because of the dilution effect of Away exposure (r = .64 for Spot-In; r = .61 for 24-h Bedroom). Away and Home exposures were not correlated (r = .14), which reinforced our confidence that the participants used the EMDEX correctly. The data suggest the need for caution before inferences are drawn about total personal exposure from area measurements. The study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining valid measures of magnetic-field exposure with the personal exposure monitors that have been developed. Single vs Repeated Microwave Exposure - Effects on Benzodiazepine Receptors in the Brain of the Rat. Lai H; Carino MA; Horita A; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p57-66 1992 *We studied the effects of single (45 min) and repeated (ten daily 45-min sessions) microwave exposures (2450-MHz, 1 mW/cm2, average whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg, pulsed at 500 pps with pulse width of 2-mu-s) on the concentration and affinity of benzodiazepine receptors in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the rat. We used a receptor-binding assay with H-3- flunitrazepam as ligand. Immediately after a single exposure, an increase in the concentration of receptor was observed in the cerebral cortex, but no significant effect was observed in the hippocampus or cerebellum. No significant change in binding affinity of the receptors was observed in any of the brain- regions studied. In rats subjected to repeated exposures, no significant change in receptor concentration was found in the cerebral cortex immediately after the last exposure, which may indicate an adaptation to repeated exposures. Our data also show that handling and exposure procedures in our experiments did not significantly affect benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. Because benzodiazepine receptors in the brain are responsive to anxiety and stress, our data support the hypothesis that low- intensity microwave irradiation can be a source of stress. Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test of Drosophila-Melanogaster After Exposure to 50-Hz Magnetic Fields. Otaka Y; Kitamura S; Furuta M; Shinohara A Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p67-74 1992 *To determine whether a 50-Hz magnetic field will induce mutations, a sex-linked recessive lethal test of Drosophila melanogaster was performed. Adult flies were exposed at an rms flux density of 500-mu-T or 5 mT to the homogeneous field of a Helmholtz coil. The ambient field to which controls were exposed was less than 1-mu-T. Exposures took place continuously for 13 to 14 days, which correspond to the life cycle of Drosophila at 25- degrees- C. About 10,000 X-chromosomes were tested at each flux density. Recessive lethal mutation rates of 0.13, 0.21, and 0.18 percent were observed, respectively, for control, 500-mu-T, and 5-mT conditions. By the Kastenbaum-Bowman significance test, the recessive lethal mutation rates in the 500-mu-T and 5-mT conditions did not differ from the mutation rate of controls. Microwave-Specific Heating Affects Gene Expression. Saffer JD; Profenno LA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p75-78 1992 *The effects of low-level microwave radiation on gene expression in Escherichia coli have been examined in a sensitive model. We confirm the previously reported existence of an increase in beta- galactosidase expression by microwave radiation-an increase not duplicated by bulk heating. However, the effect was not frequency dependent and appeared to be due to heating effects peculiar to microwaves. These results indicate that small thermal gradients may be a source of biological effects of non- ionizing radiation. Electrical States in the Rabbit Brain Can Be Altered by Light and Electromagnetic Fields. Bell G; Marino A; Chesson A; Struve F Brain Research; 570 (1-2) p307-315 JAN 20 1992 *The effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on the rabbit electroencephalograph (EEG) was studied using a quantitative procedure that permitted statistical evaluation of the response of individual animals. The field conditions used were those predicted by various theories to result in field-animal interactions; light and sham exposure were employed as positive and negative controls, respectively. Sixty-seven percent of the rabbits exhibited changes in the EEG power spectra when light was presented in 2-s epochs; none of the animals responded to sham exposure. When 1 Gauss, 5 Hz, was presented in 2-s epochs, 100% of the animals tested responded to the presence of the field. The rabbits did not respond when the magnetic-field frequency was higher than the physiological range (1-20 Hz) or when it was tuned for resonance of K+. The results showed that an electrical state function may be operationally defined for the rabbit brain, and used to assess the occurrence of an interaction between an animal and external magnetic fields. Effect of a Magnetic Field on Ascorbate System in Mice. Gonet B Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR; 23 (4) p239- 245 1991 *The effect exerted on the ascorbate system due to the exposure of mice to the constant magnetic field associated with MRI methods has been examined. The mice were exposed to magnetic field 1.00 T strength for 0.2 h, 3 h, or 24 h. The ascorbyl free radical in tissues was measured in vitro, which in vivo corresponds to the level of ascorbic acid. Only in a group of mice where the ascorbyl free radical was measured 24 h following their exposure to magnetic field 1.00 T strength for 24 hours, was the level of free radical in tissues significantly decreased. Study of the Effects on DNA of Electromagnetic Fields Using Clamped Homogeneous Electric Field Gel Electrophoresis. Novelli G; Gennarelli M; Potenza L; Angeloni P; Dallapiccola B Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 45 (10) p451-454 1991 *A clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis allowing the separation of DNA molecules in the range of 200 to 3000 kb in size was used to study the biological effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs). The results obtained did not show any detectable genomic damage on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Admissions of Patients with Epileptic Seizures (E) and Dizziness (D) Related to Geomagnetic and Solar Activity Levels - Differences in Female and Male Patients. Stoupel E; Martfel J; Rotenberg Z Medical Hypotheses; 36 (4) p384-388 DEC 1991 *Admissions of 762 patients for epileptic seizures and 1553 for dizziness were studied for the connection with the level of monthly and yearly solar activity in the 11-year solar cycle and with four levels of daily geomagnetic activity levels (400 epileptic patients and 802 patients suffering with dizziness). The most significant differences of the studied groups were in the male/female ratio in different conditions of solar and geomagnetic activity. Changes in the group of epileptic patients were accompanied by similar, but adverse changes in the group suffering from dizziness. Different conditions of responses of females and males to environmental changes can explain the demonstrated results. Electric Power, Pineal Function, and the Risk of Breast Cancer. Stevens RG; Davis S; Thomas DB; Anderson LE; Wilson BW FASEB Journal; 6 (3) p853-860 FEB 1 1992 *Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women in the industrialized world, and the rates of breast cancer incidence are rising. Although risk is high in industrialized societies, it is low in nonindustrialized areas. The search for the causes of breast cancer has not yet yielded a convincing explanation for the geographic and temporal patterns in the occurrence of breast cancer. Generation of electric power is a hallmark of industrialization, and two products of electric power, light-at-night (LAN) and electromagnetic fields (EMF), may affect breast cancer risk. Exposure to either LAN or EMF can decrease production of melatonin by the pineal gland. Melatonin, in turn, has been shown to suppress mammary tumorigenesis in experimental animals. Moreover, recent epidemiological findings indicate an increased risk of breast cancer in workers occupationally exposed to EMF. On the basis of these considerations, it is proposed that the use of electrical power accounts, in part, for the higher risks of breast cancer in industrialized societies. Magnetic Field Effects on Pineal Indoleamine Metabolism and Possible Biological Consequences. Reiter RJ; Richardson BA FASEB Journal; 6 (6) p2283-2287 MAR 1992 *In recent years, there has been a great deal of publicity concerning the possible health effects of electric and/or magnetic field exposure. One of the most frequently reported observations after the exposure of animals to either electric or magnetic fields relates to alterations in the metabolism of serotonin (5HT) to melatonin within the pineal gland. This review summarizes these results particularly in animals exposed to intermittently inverted, non-time varying magnetic fields, i.e., pulsed static magnetic fields. When exposure occurs at night, the conversion of 5HT to melatonin is typically depressed, not unlike that after light exposure at night. The mechanisms by which pulsed magnetic fields alter the ability of the pineal to convert 5HT to the chief pineal hormone melatonin remains unknown but may involve effects on any or all of the following: the retinas, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and the pinealocytes. Results to date suggest that induced electrical currents (eddy currents) produced by the pulsed magnetic fields are particularly detrimental to pineal indoleamine metabolism and may be an important causative factor in the metabolic changes measured. The physiological consequences of perturbations in the melatonin rhythm induced by magnetic field exposure remain unknown. Some Biophysical Aspects of the Genetic Effect of Low- Intensity Millimeter Waves. Belyaev IY Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (1) p11-18 FEB 1992 Influence of Magnetic Fields on Phagocyte Activation. Bochev P; Bechev B; Magrisso M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (1) p45-48 FEB 1992 Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer - The Epidemiologic Evidence. Bates MN Environmental Health Perspectives; 95 (NOV) p147-156 NOV 1991 *This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence that low frequency electromagnetic fields generated by alternating current may be a cause of cancer. Studies examining residential exposures of children and adults and studies of electrical and electronics workers are reviewed. Using conventional epidemiologic criteria for inferring causal associations, including strength and consistency of the relationship, biological plausibility, and the possibility of bias as an explanation, it is concluded that the evidence is strongly suggestive that such radiation is carcinogenic. The evidence is strongest for brain and central nervous system cancers in electrical workers and children. Weaker evidence supports an association with leukemia in electrical workers. Some evidence also exists for an association with melanoma in electrical workers. Failure to find consistent evidence of a link between residential exposures and adult cancers may be attributable to exposure misclassification. Studies so far have used imperfect surrogates for any true biologically effective magnetic field exposure. The resulting exposure misclassification has produced relative risk estimates that understate any true risk. Airway Response to Electrical Field Stimulation in Sensitized Inbred Mice - Passive Transfer of Increased Responsiveness with Peribronchial Lymph Nodes. Larsen GL; Renz H; Loader JE; Bradley KL; Gelfand EW Journal of Clinical Investigation; 89 (3) p747-752 MAR 1992 *We have examined the effects of repeated exposure to antigen on airway responses to cholinergic stimulation in two inbred strains of mice that are similar in underlying cholinergic airway responsiveness, yet differ in their ability to produce IgE. Both BALB/c and SJL/J mice were repeatedly exposed to ovalbumin by inhalation for a 10-d period. While the BALB/c mice developed IgE antibody to this allergen, the SJL/J strain failed to mount an appreciable IgE response. In vitro assessments of the response of tracheal smooth muscle from saline exposed mice (controls) of both strains demonstrated responses to both methacholine and electrical field stimulation that were not significantly different between the strains. Following exposure to ovalbumin, the BALB/c strain developed a significant increase in their response to electrical field stimulation, while their response to methacholine was unaltered. In contrast, the in vitro responsiveness to these stimuli did not increase in SJL/J mice following similar exposure to inhaled nebulized ovalbumin. The passive transfer of cells from the peribronchial lymph nodes of ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice into syngeneic nonimmune mice also led to increases in responsiveness of tracheal smooth muscle to electrical field stimulation. In contrast, transfer of cells from nonsensitized mice did not alter responsiveness. These results suggest that murine species capable of developing an IgE response to allergen also develop alterations in the neural control of their airways. Further, this alteration appears to be lymphocyte dependent, in that cells found within peribronchial lymph nodes following allergen exposure are capable of transferring this increase in responsiveness to nonimmune mice. On the Effect of Atmosphere Electricity on Human Organism. Arabadzhi VI Biofizika; 36 (5) p919 SEP-OCT 1991 Interpretation is given of the effect of volume density of electric charge in the atmosphere air near the Earth on increased mortality of humans at 4-10 and 19-20 o'clock local time. The Non-Exponential Decay Pattern of the Weak Luminescence from Seedlings of Cicer- Arietinum L Stimulated by Pulsating Electric Fields. Mathew BG; Kumar S Experientia; 48 (3) p309-310 MAR 15 1992 *Our experiments have shown that the response of etiolated seedlings of Cicer arietinum L. to an externally applied pulsating electric field involves a weak luminescence, the intensity of which follows a non-exponential decay pattern. Na,K-ATPase Function in Alternating Electric Fields. Blank M FASEB Journal; 6 (7) p2434- 2438 APR 1992 *Alternating currents affect ion transport processes and ATP splitting through changes in the activation of the membrane Na,K- ATPase. Both processes vary with the frequency, and the effective range includes the environmental 60 Hz. ATP splitting by Na,K- ATPase suspensions decreases for the enzyme under normal conditions, with the maximum effect at 100 Hz. ATP splitting increases when the enzyme activity is lowered to less than half its optimal value by changes in temperature, ouabain concentration, etc. These observations can be explained by the effects of the ionic currents on ion binding at the enzyme activation sites. Such a mechanism could account for the effects of electromagnetic fields on cells, as the transmembrane enzyme can convey the effect of an extracellular signal into the cell via ionic fluxes, and the measured threshold field is within the range of reported biological effects. Transcription in Drosophila-Melanogaster Salivary Gland Cells Is Altered Following Exposure to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields - Analysis of Chromosome 3R. Goodman R; Weisbrot D; Uluc A; Henderson A Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p111-118 1992 *The use of the transcription autoradiographic method permits identification of nascent RNA chains directly on identifiable regions of Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes. Changes in transcriptional activity at 13 defined regions of the right arm of chromosome 3 (3R) were observed following 20-min exposures of salivary glands to five different extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic (EM) fields. Changes in translational patterns were also induced by the ELF EM fields in exposed cells. Differences included an increase in over-all polypeptide synthesis as well as in the number of polypeptides resolved in cells exposed to EM fields. Modification of Membrane Fluidity in Melanin-Containing Cells by Low-Level Microwave Radiation. Phelan AM; Lange DG; Kues HA; Lutty GA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p131-146 1992 *The treatment of a B16 melanoma cell line with 2.45-GHz pulsed microwaves (10 mW/cm2, 10-mu-s pulses at 100 pps, 1- h exposure; SAR, 0.2 W/kg) resulted in changes of membrane ordering as measured by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) reporter techniques. The changes reflected a shift from a more fluid-like phase to a more solid (ordered) state of the cell membrane. Exposure of artificially prepared liposomes that were reconstituted with melanin produced similar results. In contrast, neither B16 melanoma cells treated with 5-Bromo-2- Deoxyuridine (3-mu-g/day x 7 days) to render them amelanotic, nor liposomes prepared without melanin, exhibited the microwave-facilitated increase of ordering. Inhibition of the ordering was achieved by the use of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which strongly implicates oxygen radicals as a cause of the membrane changes. The data indicate that a significant, specific alteration of cell-membrane ordering followed microwave exposure. This alteration was unique to melanotic membranes and was due, at least in part, to the generation of oxygen radicals. Calcium Binding to Metallochromic Dyes and Calmodulin in the Presence of Combined, AC- DC Magnetic Fields. Brucknerlea C; Durney CH; Janata J; Rappaport C; Kaminski M Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p147-162 1992 *The possibility that weak, ac and dc magnetic fields in combination may affect binding equilibria of calcium-ions (Ca2+) was investigated with two metallochromic dyes as calcium- binding molecules: murexide and arsenazo III. Calcium-dye equilibria were followed by measuring solution absorbances with a fiber-optic spectrophotometer. A Ca2+- arsenazo solution was also used indirectly to monitor the binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin. Parallel, ac and dc magnetic fields were applied to each preparation. The ac magnetic field was held constant during each of a series of experiments at a frequency in the range between 50 and 120 Hz (sine wave) or at 50 pps (square wave) and at an rms flux density in the range between 65 and 156- mu-T. The dc magnetic field was then varied from 0 to 299-mu-T at 1.3-mu-T increments. The magnetic fields did not measurably affect equilibria in the binding of metallochromic dyes or calmodulin to Ca2+. An Analysis of Associations Between Social Class and Ambient Magnetic Fields in Metropolitan Melbourne. Salzberg MR; Farish SJ; Delpizzo V Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p163-167 1992 *In the course of a study on residential magnetic-field exposure, some incidental data were obtained that bear on the issue of confounding of magnetic field exposure by social class. We have explored the possibility that the magnetic flux density of 50 Hz fields measured in Melbourne streets is correlated with a number of variables that index the socio-economic status of the neighborhood. We have examined also for a correlation between field- intensity levels and sums of some or all of the indicators, which were weighted to provide an overall score on socio- economic status. Although some of the indexes were weakly, but significantly, correlated with environmental levels of magnetic fields, the combined indices were not. These results indicate that socio-economic status is not likely to be a confounder in epidemiological studies of residential exposure to ELF magnetic fields in Melbourne. ELF Exposure Facility for Human Testing. Cohen HD; Graham C; Cook MR; Phelps JW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p169-182 1992 *A laboratory facility specifically designed for controlled human exposure to 60-Hz electric (0 to 16 kV/m) and magnetic (0 to 32 A/m, B = 0 to 40-mu-T) fields has been constructed. The facility presents uniform fields under controlled temperature and humidity. Special control systems allow collection of physiological data during, as well as before and after, exposure to electric fields at strength to 16 kV/m under verified double- blind control. Exposure to continous or intermittent fields is possible in the facility. The capability of obtaining physiological data during actual exposure to constant or intermittent, 60-Hz fields, and of doing so without either the subject or the experimenter being aware of actual field conditions, is a critical factor in valid experimentation. ELF Invitro Exposure Systems for Inducing Uniform Electric and Magnetic Fields in Cell Culture Media. Bassen H; Litovitz T; Penafiel M; Meister R Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p183- 198 1992 *Many in vitro experiments on the biological effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields utilize a uniform external magnetic flux density (B) to expose biological materials. A significant number of researchers do not measure or estimate the resulting electric field strength (E) or current density (J) in the sample medium. The magnitude and spatial distribution of the induced E field are highly dependent on the sample geometry and its relative orientation with respect to the magnetic field. We have studied the E fields induced in several of the most frequently used laboratory culture dishes and flasks under various exposure conditions. Measurements and calculations of the E field distributions in the aqueous sample volume in the containers were performed, and a set of simple, quantitative tables was developed. These tables allow a biological researcher to determine, in a straightforward fashion, the magnitudes and distributions of the electric fields that are induced in the aqueous sample when it is subjected to a uniform, sinusoidal magnetic field of known strength and frequency. In addition, we present a novel exposure technique based on a standard organ culture dish containing two circular, concentric annular rings. Exposure of the organ culture dish to a uniform magnetic field induces different average electric fields in the liquid medium in the inner and outer rings. Results of experiments with this system, which were reported in a separate paper, have shown the dominant role of the magnetically induced E field in producing specific biological effects on cells, in vitro. These results emphasize the need to report data about the induced E field in ELF in-vitro studies, involving magnetic field exposures. Our data tables on E and J in standard containers provide simple means to enable determination of these parameters. An Integrated ELF Magnetic-Field Generator and Incubator for Long-Term Invitro Studies. Jones RA; Sheppard AR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p199-207 1992 *Long-term studies of the effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on cells in culture require an incubator that is free of contaminating magnetic fields and that provides automatic control of exposure duration, uniform applied fields, a uniform and well- controlled environmental temperature, and high reliability of the total system. We describe a dual-incubator system in which the enclosed solenoid of either unit can provide a sham exposure while the other generates a magnetic induction of up to 500-mu- T. Each solenoid-incubator unit contains an enclosed rack that can hold as many as 140 petri dishes for culturing cells; each unit is heated radiantly by circulating warm water. Field- exposure conditions and temperatures are continously monitored and controlled by a microcomputer. Measurement of Magnetically Induced Electric Fields in Conductive Media Near a 60-Hz Current-Carrying Wire. Robertsondemers KA; Miller DL Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p209- 221 1992 *Electric fields induced in a conductive body by the magnetic field of a current-carrying wire were analyzed theoretically and experimentally to assess the dosimetric importance of highly nonuniform, field-exposure conditions. Experimentation revealed that a 60-Hz magnetic field was inversely proportional to the radius of a wire bundle carrying 100 A within a 0.5-m2 test area. A miniaturized electric field probe was used to measure the electric fields induced in 5- cm-deep, saline-filled models. In the theoretical analysis, numerical estimates of induced fields were made by a spreadsheet method. The theoretical calculations and the measured values of induced electric fields were generally in good agreement. The induced fields were in a plane perpendicular to a vertically incident magnetic field; the maximally induced fields were in areas nearest the wire bundle. The strength of the induced field increased with model size: from 96-mu-V/cm in a 10 x 10 cm model to 176-mu-V/cm in a 40 x 40 cm model. The strength of the field induced in a 20 x 20 cm model decreased with increasing model-to-wire spacing: from 132-mu-V/cm for a 1-cm spacing (2-mT maximum, incident field) to 50-mu-V/cm for a 6-cm spacing (0.33-mT maximum). The results indicate that increases in local values of nonuniformly incident fields produce relatively small increases in induced electric fields. This finding may be important in dosimetric consideration of circumstances, such as use of electric blankets, in which fields of low average strength are accompanied by intense local fields. Development of Chicken Embryos Following Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields with Differing Waveforms. Martin AH Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p223-230 1992 *Previous studies in my laboratory have revealed a reproducible and statistically significant increase in the number of malformations in live chicken embryos that had been exposed during the first 48 h of incubation to a pulsed magnetic field (unipolar pulses, 100-pps, 1-mu-T peak density). In marked contrast, no adverse effect was seen following similar exposure to 60-Hz, bipolar, unipolar, or split-sine waves at 3-mu-T peak- to-peak. In the four experiments comprising the present study, differences in the numbers of malformations between control and experimental groups were not statistically significant. Field- free incubation for an additional 72 h after exposure to a bipolar sine wave for 48 h resulted in an increase in normal live embryos in both control and treated groups. Criticism of Lednev's Mechanism for the Influence of Weak Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems. Adair RK Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p231-235 1992 *V. V. Lednev has proposed a mechanism that he suggests would allow very weak magnetic fields, at the cyclotron resonance frequency for Ca2+ ions in the earth's field, to induce biological effects. I show that for four independent reasons no such mechanism can operate. Opioid Receptor Subtypes That Mediate a Microwave-Induced Decrease in Central Cholinergic Activity in the Rat. Lai H; Carino MA; Horita A; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p237- 246 1992 *We performed experiments to investigate subtypes of opioid receptors in the brain involved in the effect of acute (45 min) pulsed microwave exposure (2,450-MHz, 2-mu-s pulses, 500 pps, average power density 1 mW/cm2, peak-power density, 1 W/cm2, average whole body SAR 0.6 W/kg) on cholinergic activity in the rat brain. Rats were pretreated by microinjection of specific antagonists of mu, delta, and kappa-opioid-receptors into the lateral cerebroven-tricle before exposure to microwaves. The data showed that all three subtypes of opioid receptors are involved in the microwave-induced decrease in cholinergic activity in the hippocampus. However, the microwave- induced decrease in cholinergic activity in the frontal cortex was not significantly affected by any of the drug treatments, confirming our previous conclusion that the effect of microwaves on the frontal cortex is not mediated by endogenous opioids. Are the Stray 60-Hz Electromagnetic Fields Associated with the Distribution and Use of Electric Power a Significant Cause of Cancer. Jackson JD Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 89 (8) p3508-3510 APR 15 1992 *The putative causal relation between ambient low-frequency (50 or 60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (necessarily present in living and working environments because of our ever increasing use of electrical devices) and cancer, especially leukemia, can be tested on the large scale by examining historical data on the growth of the generation and consumption of electric power since 1900 and corresponding data on cancer death and incidence rates. The United States per capita generation and residential consumption of electric power have grown roughly exponentially since 1900; total per capita generation has increased by a factor of 10 since 1940, and per capita residential consumption has increased by a factor of 20 in the same period. The ubiquitous stray fields from power distribution lines and internal and external wiring in buildings have grown in the same proportions. In contrast to the explosive increase in the generation and use of electricity, the age-adjusted cancer death rate for the population as a whole shows only a slight rise since 1900. When respiratory cancers (largely caused by tobacco use) are subtracted, the remaining death rate has actually fallen since 1940. That the death rate may have fallen because of better diagnosis and treatment, despite a rising incidence rate, is not substantiated, especially for leukemia, including childhood leukemia, where the incidence rate has been constant or declining slightly for the past 25 yr. The absence of any appreciable change in the national cancer incidence rates during a period in which residential use of electric power has increased dramatically shows that the associated stray 50- or 60-Hz electromagnetic fields pose no significant hazard to the average individual. Seasonal Changes of Mans Constant Electric Field in Various Age Groups. Zatsepina GN; Lukyanov EA; Tulsky SV; Peshkova LV Biofizika; 37 (1) p101-104 JAN-FEB 1992 *Seasonal changes of the constant electric field of healthy people of various age groups were studied. The constant electric field was shown to be characterized by a fine structure of distribution of electric potential differences (EPD) along the skin in relation to a referent point located on the neck in the intersection region of trapeziform and clavicular-nipple muscles. The constant electric field of the people of all ages undergoes seasonal changes involving displacement of all EPD values to the positive region during autumn-winter period as compared to the spring-summer one. It is suggested that such EPD change is conditioned by a change of the organism metabolic activity. The discovered differences in EPD displacement values of various age groups can serve as physiological characteristics of transitional processes in the growing organisms. No Risk of Cancer from Electromagnetic Fields. Connor S British Medical Journal; 304 (6832) p938-939 APR 11 1992 Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety - Radiofrequency Radiation, Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bernhardt JH Physics in Medicine and Biology; 37 (4) p807-844 APR 1992 Health Effects of Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields - Phantom or Not-So-Phantom Risk. Foster KR Health Physics; 62 (5) p429-435 MAY 1992 *The possibility of subtle hazards from weak nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has been controversial for many years, shifting over a range of issues without resolution. The confusion arises partly from the weak evidence for hazard and partly from the inconsistent and speculative nature of some of the bioeffects literature. More attention is needed to define ways to resolve the issues. Electric and/or Magnetic Field Effects on DNA Structure and Function in Cultured Human Cells. Fiorani M; Cantoni O; Sestili P; Conti R; Nicolini P; Vetrano F; Dacha M Mutation Research; 282 (1) p25-29 MAY 1992 *Exposure of cultured K562 cells to 50 Hz electric (0.2-20 kV/m), magnetic (0.002-2 G), or combined electric and magnetic fields for up to 24 h did not result in the production of detectable DNA lesions, as assayed by the filter elution technique. The rate of cell growth was also unaffected as well as the intracellular ATP and NAD+ levels. These results indicate that, under the experimental conditions utilized in this study, 50 Hz electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields are not geno- and cyto-toxic in cultured mammalian cells. Magnetic Influences on Fetus and Infant as Reason for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - A New Testable Hypothesis. Eckert EE Medical Hypotheses; 38 (1) p66-69 MAY 1992 *The hypothesis is based upon: aa) My observed clustering of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) cases at places with abnormal geomagnetic fields (GMF) and/or electromagnetic fields (EMF); b) recorded GMF with pulsations matching the breathing frequencies of infants; c) the reported immature development of increased dendritic spine density in the brain stem of SIDS cases and; d) the increased dendrite arborization in the brains of rats exposed to magnetic fields (MF). The hypothesis consists of two parts: 1. AA disturbed GMF in the residence or surroundings of aa pregnant woman may interrupt the normal development of the central organ which controls respiration (brain stem) of the fetus. This is termed the 'Selection Factor'. 2. If such an infant with aa functional disturbance of the control organ is then exposed to aa GMF or EMF with pulsations similar to his own breathing frequency, but inverted in phase, value, form etc then the vital nerve impulses from the respiration control organ to the breathing organs may be disturbed or blocked with fatal effect. This is termed the 'Trigger Factor'. The elements of the 'Selection Factor' and the 'Trigger Factor' together produce SIDS. AA program to test such aa supposed 'Trigger Factor' is included. Basic Applications of Electric Fields on Biological Cells. Berg H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (2) p89-97 APR 1992 *Selected examples of different methods of using electric and electromagnetic field effects are compared and some directions for further development are indicated. Use of Electric Blankets and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Stevens RG American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (7) p834-835 APR 1 1992; - Reply. Vena JE; Graham S American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (7) p835 APR 1 1992 Influence of Alternating Electric Field of Industrial Frequency on Testicles of White Mice. Ivanova LA; Kartashev AG Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 37 (6) p71-78 NOV-DEC 1991 *Under the chronical influence of the alternating electric field (intensity 40 kV/m, frequency 50 Hz) the oppression of spermatogenesis was observed in the ontogenesis process of testicles of white mice. It was a result of disturbances in spermatogones and spermatids. Investigation of the stability of mice testicles in different age groups (juvenile, puberal and old) has shown that the 1st and the 3d groups are the most sensitive ones. Epidemiologic Studies on Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer. Jauchem JR American Journal of Public Health; 82 (6) p897-898 JUN 1992 Cancer of Breast Among Men in Electrical Occupations. Loomis DP Lancet; 339 (8807) p1482-1483 JUN 13 1992 Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia. Bracken MB American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1069-1070 MAY 1 1992 Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia and Case-Control Study of Childhood Cancer and Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields. Mundt KA American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1070-1071 MAY 1 1992; - Reply. Savitz DA American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1071-1073 MAY 1 1992; - Reply. London SJ; Thomas DC; Sobel EE; Bowman JD; Peters JM American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1073-1075 MAY 1 1992 Diatom Response to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. Parkinson WC; Sulik GL Radiation Research; 130 (3) p319-330 JUN 1992 Alterations of the Circadian Melatonin Rhythm by the Electromagnetic Spectrum - A Study in Environmental Toxicology. Reiter RJ Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology; 15 (3) p226- 244 JUN 1992 Lymphocytes and Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Cadossi R; Bersani F; Cossarizza A; Zucchini P; Emilia G; Torelli G; Franceschi C FASEB Journal; 6 (9) p2667-2674 JUN 1992 *Human lymphocytes have been used by several researchers to investigate the biological effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF). EMF modulate the response by lymphocytes to lectin stimulation. The size and direction of the effect depends both on the lymphocyte physiology and on the physical parameters characterizing the EMF. Lymphocytes have also been used to investigate the genotoxicity of EMP exposure. Normalization of Abnormal Cell Proliferation by Means of Electric Currents. Vodovnik L; Miklavcic D; Sersa G Periodicum Biologorum; 94 (1) p13-16 MAY 1992 *There is ample evidence that the application of diverse electric currents (direct currents and low frequency alternating currents) induces or accelerates healing of chronic wounds such as decubitus ulcers or wounds due to vascular diseases, e.g. in diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, there is also reasonably well documented evidence that externally applied electric currents may retard the growth of tumors. Since in the case of wound healing electric currents seem to induce and/or accelerate, whereas in cancer the same currents seem to inhibit cell division, we are left with diametrically different actions of externally applied electric currents and associated electric fields within the tissue tending to >>normalize<< the proliferation mechanisms of the cell. In this article we propose a hypothesis which offers an explanation for the >>normalizing<< effect of electric currents on cell proliferation. Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field on Erythrocytes Polyamine Levels in Tumoral C3H/Bi Mice. Bellossi A; Moulinoux JP; Quemener V; Desplaces A Cancer Journal; 5 (3) p146-148 MAY- JUN 1992 *C3H/Bi female mice develop viral mammary carcinoma. In this experimental animal model the evolution of the disease has been previously found to be sensitive to a 460 Hz 6 mT pulsed magnetic field (PMF). Abnormally high red blood cell (RBC) polyamine levels have been observed in mice with malignant grafts. In this study 31 C3H/Bi tumoral mice were exposed to a 460 Hz PMF 10 min a day, 3 days a week, for one to 6 weeks, 2 weeks after the tumors had become visible. Thirty-two tumor-bearing mice were used as controls. There was no significant difference between the RBC polyamine levels in the controls and those in the exposed mice. Nevertheless, the RBC spermine levels were always lower when the mice had been exposed. Moreover the RBC spermidine levels, considered as chaotic dynamic systems, were different in the controls and in the exposed mice, proliferation being restrained in the latter group. Effect of a 12 HZ and of a 460 HZ Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Weight of AKR Mice. Bellossi A Biotherapy; 4 (4) p277-283 JUN 1992 *AKR mice were exposed to a 6 mT, 12 Hz or 460 Hz pulsed magnetic field (PMF) 30 minutes twice a week. The exposure took place in utero and/or during the life span for four consecutive generations. The adult mice exposed to the 460 Hz PMF only after the birth time were lighter than the controls; for the two frequencies the decrease in weight with the ageing was less pronounced than in the controls. When the exposure took place in utero the exposed new-born mice were heavier than the controls. The difference in weight progressively disappeared when the mice were exposed to the 12 Hz PMF. persisted when the mice were exposed to the 460 Hz PMF. Magnetic Field Influence on Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction. Rosen AD American Journal of Physiology; 262 (6) pC1418-C1422 JUN 1992 *The effects of a static magnetic field on the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs), recorded from the murine phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, were studied. In the presence of a 1,200-G field, statistically significant changes in MEPP frequency were observed. There was a modest increase in frequency at temperatures at and below 34-degrees-C and a prominent decrease in frequency at temperatures above 35-degrees- C. This temperature- dependent phenomenon was not seen in the absence of calcium in the perfusate. These results suggest that, at its phase transition temperature, the diamagnetic anisotropy of the presynaptic membrane is sufficient to influence neurotransmitter release by altering the function of the transmembrane calcium transfer mechanism. Electrical Field Effects on Crushed Nerve Regeneration. Kerns JM; Lucchinetti C Experimental Neurology; 117 (1) p71-80 JUL 1992 The Stimulatory Effect of Magnetic Fields on Regeneration of the Rat Sciatic Nerve Is Frequency Dependent. Rusovan A; Kanje M; Mild KH Experimental Neurology; 117 (1) p81- 84 JUL 1992 Current Concepts of the Interaction of Weak Electromagnetic Fields with Cells. Glaser R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p255-268 JUN 1992 *The interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological systems must be considered not as a result of the influence of a foreign energy (as in the case of ionizing radiations), but as a modification of the proper electric in-vivo structure of the biological system. This structure indicates the same structural hierarchy (atomic, molecular, cellular, organismic) as that known from the morphological point of view. According to this, effects are possible on the basis of quantum mechanics as well as on the basis of the dipolar orientation of molecules, double-layer structures and modifications of systems of ionic equilibria. Considering the time constants of these effects, the frequencies used for medical treatments today are in no way the best possible, but just predicted by technical conditions. It is recommended that the frequency region of 10(3)-10(7) Hz be used. The frequently observed effects of pulsed (or modulated) electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are understandable if one considers that the carrier frequency will produce the primary physical reactions and that the low-frequency oscillations of these reactions which are produced by the low-frequency modulation will come into resonance with biological reactions. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Induce Premature Terminal Differentiation of Invitro Cultured Human Skin and Lung Fibroblasts. Rodemann HP; Wecke P; Jaeschke M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p269-280 JUN 1992 *In order to investigate the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the differentiation process of cultured fibroblasts, human skin (cell strain HH-8) and lung fibroblasts (cell strain WI-38) as well as SV40- transformed human lung fibroblasts (cell line WI-38/SV40) were exposed (2 X 6 h per day) to biphasic electromagnetic fields (EMF; 20 Hz, 6 mT) for up to 21 days. As analysed by cell biological (cell type frequencies), biochemical (collagen synthesis) and molecular markers (expression of protein PIVa), both human skin and lung fibroblasts were induced to differentiate prematurely into irreversible postmitotic cells of the terminal cell type PMFVI within 1- 2 cell division cycles. EMF-induced PMFVI-type fibroblasts are characterized by the same morphological, biochemical and molecular markers as spontaneously arising PMF- type cells. Prematurely arising EMF-induced PMFVI-type cells showed a 10-13 fold enhanced synthesis of total collagen; PMFVI- specific changes in the content of interstitial collagen types I, III and V; as well as the PMFVI-cell type specific expression of protein markers of terminal differentiation, especially protein PIVa. EMF exposure of SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts (cell line WI- 38/SV40) resulted in the terminal differentiation into postmitotic cell types of approximately only two-thirds of the cells. One-third of the SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts were insensitive to EMF. Like untransformed control cells (WI-38), the EMF-induced post-mitotic WI- 38/SV40 cells showed enhanced total collagen synthesis. These results indicate that exposure of human skin and lung fibroblasts to low-frequency electromagnetic fields in vitro induces prematurely the differentiation into terminally differentiated postmitotic cells, which when occurring spontaneously seems to involve the repression of proto-oncogene c-fos. Mycotypha-Africana in Low-Level Athermic ELF Magnetic Fields - Changes in Growth Parameters. Broers D; Kraepelin G; Lamprecht I; Schulz O Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p281-291 JUN 1992 *The influence of low-level athermic magnetic fields on germination of the dimorphic fungus Mycotypha africana was investigated. A carrier frequency of 150 MHz was chosen for most experiments, modulated by low frequencies between 0.8 and 50 Hz. Magnetic flux densities varied between 0 and 1.20 nT. For a clear separation between magnetic and electric fields, a resonator tuned to form a standing wave of the chosen carrier frequency was used and the Petri dishes with cell cultures were placed in the appropriate positions. At some combinations of frequency and magnetic flux density stimulation of germination up to 30% was observed, while at other combinations inhibition was observed. Window effects in the frequency and flux density thus seem to govern the response to field exposure. Influence of Weak Nonthermic High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Membrane Potential of Nerve Cells. Kullnick U Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p293-304 JUN 1992 *Nerve cells of the snail Helix pomatia were subjected to high- frequency (159 MHz, 8.3 Hz modulated), non-thermic (maximum flux density 124-mu-T) electromagnetic fields. The effect of the fields on the membrane potential of various nerve cells was investigated. It was observed that short and unique Befeldungen 1 led to an alteration of the membrane potential of the neurons examined. The alteration almost always expressed itself as a long-term hyperpolarization of the resting potential. A clear connection between the negativity of the membrane potential of a nerve cell before the Befeldung and the strength of the hyperpolarization caused by the Befeldung was seen. As well as this effect, an alteration in the threshold of excitation of befeldet cells could be measured. Survey of Some Working Mechanisms of Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF). Warnke U Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p317-320 JUN 1992 *PEMF-induced transmembrane transfer of H+ ions into blood vessel walls and the electrostriction phenomenon play a major role in the functioning of bioenergetic and receptor systems. This explains the following changes in our measured indicators of effects. (1) The pH is low, and hence pCO2 is high, in the capillaries where oxygen is separated from hemoglobin, which results in a high pO2 and dilatation moment in the arteries and veins. (2) A low pH in the cerebrospinal fluid (4th ventricle) and adjacent tissues increases the respiration amplitude. (3) A low pH in the vaguscenter reduces the heart beat frequency, and the pH determines the net charge of proteins and the level of enzyme activity. (4) A low pH in the vessel walls increases the sensitivity of the baroreceptors, which are stimulated by the microvibration due to mechanical electrostriction and which in consequence reduce the central sympathetic tonus. Therefore it appears that the transfer of hydrogen ions from blood to tissue is a primary working mechanism of our type of PEMF with the effects described above. The Treatment of Pathological Bone Lesion with Non-Thermal, Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Kraus W Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p321-339 JUN 1992 Can Low Frequency, Low Intensity Magnetic Fields Be Used in Cancer Treatment. Sauerwein W; Heselman I; Olthoff K; Sack H; Fuhrmann C; Steinberg F; Becker U; Zolzer F; Streffer C Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p347-359 JUN 1992 *In order to develop new therapeutic treatments for progressive malignant diseases, a clinical study was started in 1988 to determine whether the application of magnetic fields is able to cure cancer or to ameliorate the clinical situation of tumor patients. In parallel with this study, concomitant biological investigations have been carried out. Seventy-five patients were treated with a low intensity (4- 6 mT), low frequency (8 Hz, 20 Hz) magnetic field (MF). Additional in-vivo and in-vitro experiments were carried out under similar conditions. No effects on tumor growth, proliferation or metabolism could be shown. However, impressive pain relief, which may have been caused by MF, was observed in some patients. This observation needs further investigation. Nevertheless, low frequency, low intensity magnetic fields as used in our study are not likely to be an appropriate modality for treating tumors. Intensity-Dependent and Frequency-Dependent Effects of Microwaves on Cell Growth Rates. Grundler W Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p361-365 JUN 1992 Deformation on Normal and Fused Haematopoietic Blasts in ac Electric Fields. Gorczynska E; Coster HLG Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p373-379 JUN 1992 *Changes in the physical properties of a cell plasma membrane following electrically induced cell fusion have been studied alongside changes in the mechanical properties of the system. This allows direct comparison of the experimental results with the theory of the electromechanical stresses produced in the plasma membrane by electric fields. The geometrical deformation of K-562 cells (Ph+ haematopoietic blasts) and their fusates (produced by electric fusion of 2 or 3 K-562 cells) in ac electric fields has been investigated. For electric fields in the range 0-270000 V/m (at a frequency of 370 kHz) the eccentricity of both cells and fusates increased with field strength asymptotically. The effect of field strength on eccentricity was similar for cells and fusates. There was an almost linear relationship between the ratio of the major to the minor semi- axes of cells and fusates and the field strength. Smaller cells underwent larger deformations in an electric field. An increase in electric field intensity caused an increase in the surface area of cells and fusates while the volume of cells and fusates was independent of the field. For a given field strength, cell and fusate deformation increased with excitation frequency over the range 100-450 kHz, with a broad peak in the region 350-450 kHz, and was almost constant at higher frequencies. A time constant of approximately 15 s was obtained for deformation of K- 562 cells and two- and three-nuclei fusates. The dynamics of cell and fusate deformation indicates that 50 s after exposure to an electric field no additional changes in geometrical deformation occurred. For small deformations the restoring stress is probably dominated by the mechanical stress set up in the membrane. Employing Maxwell's tensor for the distorting force ensures consistency between theory and the experimental results. Existence of Selection Rules on Helicity During Discrete Transitions of the Genome Conformational State of E-Coli Cells Exposed to Low-Level Millimetre Radiation. Belyaev IY; Shcheglov VS; Alipov YD Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p405- 411 JUN 1992 *To study the influence of polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the genome conformational state of Escherichia coli cells exposed to X-rays, the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was applied. The influence of low level radiation (10-200- mu-W/cm2) was studied within the ranges 41.25- 41.50 GHz and 51.62-51.84 GHz, within which microwaves produce a resonance effect, as had been previously demonstrated. The effectiveness of left- and right-handed polarized radiation was shown to be determined by its frequency. At 41.26, 41.32 and 41.40 GHz, left-handed polarized EMR produced considerable changes in AVTD peaks in lysates of X-rayed cells, while right- handed polarized radiation had no effect at these frequencies. Conversely, right-handed polarized millimetre waves proved to be effective when cells were affected by EMR at 51.76 and 51.78 GHz (from the second resonance studied by us), while left-handed polarization had virtually no effect. Therefore the effective circularly polarized component of EMR within a given resonance remains unchanged and is determined by the resonance frequency. This finding corresponds to the physics of discrete states in living systems, and illustrates the presence of selection rules on helicity during transitions between these states in the millimetre band of electromagnetic field. Orientation of Elongated Cells in ac Electromagnetic Fields with Frequencies Up to 150 MHz. Mischel M; Ackermann R; Holzel R; Lamprecht I Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p413- 427 JUN 1992 *Electro-orientation measurements were performed in a frequency range of 5-150 MHz on suspensions of untreated cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and cells treated with heat or chemical noxes. Three types of orientation for living cells could be observed: one with the long axis parallel to the field lines, one with the long axis perpendicular to the external field and one with the axis perpendicular to the plane of observation, i.e. the cells standing upright along their long axis. Living and non- living yeasts exhibit two opposite extrema of orientation at two typical frequencies, Investigations were performed to determine whether the degree of orientation at these two selected frequencies could be used as a screening test for the physiological state of cells. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared with model calculations, providing at least an approximate description of a typical orientation spectrum of yeast cells. The Effects of a Strong Constant Magnetic Field on the Activity and Localization Pattern of Acid Phosphatase in Blepharisma. Zhang XY; Liu D Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p513-517 JUN 1992 Spontaneous Abortion and Work with Visual Display Units. Roman E; Beral V; Pelerin M; Hermon C British Journal of Industrial Medicine; 49 (7) p507-512 JUL 1992 *Objective-To determine whether women who work with visual display units are at increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Design-Case-control study. Setting-Women were recruited during the three years 1987-9 from the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, and from a large group practice situated within the hospital's catchment area. Subjects-Cases were 150 nulliparous working women with a clinically diagnosed spontaneous abortion and controls were 297 nulliparous working women attending for antenatal care. Main outcome measures-Cases and controls were contacted and personally interviewed using the same structured questionnaire. Exposure to visual display units (VDUs) at work was assessed from information supplied at interview. Results-No evidence of an increased risk of spontaneous abortion was found in women who reported that they used a VDU at work compared with women who reported that they did not (odds ratio (OR) = 0.9,95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.6-1.4); and no relation with the amount of time spent actively using a VDU was evident (OR = 0.9,95% CI = 0.5-1.6 for women who worked with a VDU for 21 hours or more each week). No effect of passive exposure to VDUs at work was found (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.6-1.6 for women who reported working less than 10 feet away from a VDU that was usually switched on). These findings were not explained by maternal age, marital state, housing tenure, partner's social class, educational level, smoking, alcohol consumption, or number of previous spontaneous abortions. Conclusion-Given the findings and their consistency with the results from other recent studies it is concluded that pregnant women who work with VDUs are not at increased risk of clinically diagnosed spontaneous abortion. For the many women who use VDUs in their jobs, this finding provides reassurance. Influence of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Time Organization of Tiol Groups and Lipid Peroxidation Exchange. Martynyuk VS; Kopylov AN; Stashkov AM Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 38 (3) p7-11 MAY-JUN 1992 *The influence of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation products and total tiol groups in the brain of mongrel mice has been investigated. Certain changes in time organization and interrelation of the studied processes under the effect of the magnetic field depending on frequency are shown. Biological Mechanism of Chronic Action of the Alternating Electric Field on the Developing Organism of Mice. Kartashev AG Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 38 (3) p81-85 MAY-JUN 1992 *The method of principal components has been used for the quantitative analysis of 50 histomorphological indices of physiological state of white mice males subjected to the action of the alternating electric field in dynamics of their postnatal development. The theoretical analysis of the results obtained permits supposing that the alternating electric field disturbs proliferation and differentiation under its chronic action on the organism of mammals. Effects of Continuous and Pulsed 2450-MHz Radiation on Spontaneous Lymphoblastoid Transformation of Human Lymphocytes Invitro. Czerska EM; Elson EC; Davis CC; Swicord ML; Czerski P Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p247-259 1992 *Normal human lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. One- ml samples containing (10(6)) cells in chromosome medium 1 A were exposed for 5 days to conventional heating or to continuous wave (CW) or pulsed wave (PW) 2450-MHz radiation at non-heating (37- degrees-C) and various heating levels (temperature increases of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2-degrees-C). The pulsed exposures involved 1-mu-s pulses at pulse repetition frequencies from 100 to 1,000 pulses per second at the same average SAR levels as the CW exposures. Actual average SARs ranged to 12.3 W/kg. Following termination of the incubation period, spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation was determined with an image analysis system. The results were compared among each of the experimental conditions and with sham-exposed cultures. At non-heating levels, CW exposure did not affect transformation. At heating levels both conventional and CW heating enhanced transformation to the same extent and correlate with the increases in incubation temperature. PW exposure enhanced transformation at non- heating levels. This finding is significant (P < .002). At heating levels PW exposure enhanced transformation to a greater extent than did conventional or CW heating. This finding is significant at the .02 level. We conclude that PW 2450-MHz radiation acts differently on the process of lymphoblastoid transformation in vitro compared with CW 2450-MHz radiation at the same average SARs. A Replication Study of Human Exposure to 60-Hz Fields - Effects on Neurobehavioral Measures. Cook MR; Graham C; Cohen HD; Gerkovich MM Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p261-285 1992 *The purpose of this study was to reproduce and extend an earlier investigation of the effects of human exposure to combined, 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields. This paper presents the neurobehavioral results. Thirty men participated in one training session and four testing sessions. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The 18 subjects in Group I were exposed (9 kV/m, 20-mu-T) and sham exposed in two counterbalanced orders. ID Group II, half of 12 subjects were exposed (9 kV/m, 20-mu-T) every session, and the remaining half were sham exposed every session. The study was doubly blinded. Measures of cardiac interbeat interval, event-related brain potentials, and performance were obtained before, during, and after exposures. As in the earlier study, exposure to the combined field resulted in a statistically significant slowing of heart rate, in changes in late components of event-related brain potentials, and in decreased errors on a choice reaction-time task. In addition, field effects on several other measures approached statistical significance. The physiological measures obtained during exposure indicated that effects were greatest soon after the field was switched on, and again when it was switched off. The data indicate that changes in exposure level may be more important than duration of exposure for producing effects in human beings. Residential Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields from Appliances. Mader DL; Peralta SB Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p287-301 1992 *A model has been developed that permits assessment of residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields emitted by appliances. It is based on volume- and time-averaging of magnetic- dipole fields. The model enables the contribution of appliances in the total residential exposure to be compared with that of other sources in any residence under study. Calculations based on measurements reported in the literature on 98 appliances revealed that appliances are not a significant source of whole- body exposure, but that they may be the dominant source of exposure of the body's extremities. Modification of Cardiac Contraction Rate by Pulsed Magnetic Fields - Preliminary Report. Ramon C; Powell MR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p303-311 1992 *Isolated rat hearts and excised canine cardiac tissues were subjected to pulsed magnetic fields. The fields excited in coils by tandem pairings of sinusoidal pulses were presented at various inter-pair delays and repetition rates. The waveform of the magnetic field was a single or multiple sinusoid followed after a variable delay by another single or multiple sinusoid. Small but reliable increases in the beating rate of rat heart were observed. Similar increases occurred in contraction rates of canine tissues. Both preparations exhibited a contraction-rate dependency on the repetition rate of the paired magnetic pulses: 4.5-6 rep/s for canine tissue, and 20-25 and 40-55 reps/s for rat heart. Flux-density thresholds for both preparations approximated 10 mT (100 gauss) rms. Electric Fields Induced in Rat and Human Models by 60-Hz Magnetic Fields - Comparison of Calculated and Measured Values. Hart FX Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p313-316 1992 *The calculated distribution of electric fields induced in homogeneous human and rat models by a 60-Hz magnetic field is compared with values measured in instrumented mannequins. The calculated values agree well with measured values. Dose Dependence of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Modulated Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Dutta SK; Das K; Ghosh B; Blackman CF Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p317-322 1992 *Radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) at 915 and at 147 MHz, when sinusoidally amplitude modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, has been shown to enhance release of calcium ions from neuroblastoma cells in culture. The dose-response relation is unusual, consisting of two power- density "windows" in which enhanced efflux occurs, separated by power-density regions in which no effect is observed. To explore the physiological importance of these findings, we have examined the impact of RFR exposure on a membrane- bound enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is intimately involved with the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter system. Neuroblastoma cells (NG108), exposed for 30 min to 147- MHz radiation. AM at 16 Hz, demonstrated enhanced AChE activity, as assayed by a procedure using C-14-labeled ACh. Enhanced activity was observed within a time window between 7.0 and 7.5 h after the cells were plated and only when the exposure occurred at power densities identified in a previous report as being effective for altering the release of calcium ions. Thus RFR affects both calcium-ion release and AChE activity in nervous system-derived cells in culture in a common dose-dependent manner. Modification of Acoustic Startle by Microwave Pulses in the Rat - A Preliminary Report. Seaman RL; Beblo DA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p323-328 1992 *Single, 1.25-GHz microwave pulses of 0.8- to 1.0-mu-s duration were presented to each of four rats 100 ms before presentation of a startle-inducing acoustic stimulus. This sequential pairing of microwave pulse and acoustic stimulus was found to modify the startle response. At an energy dose to the head of 22-43 mJ/kg per pulse (peak SAR, 23 48 kW/kg), the mean latency to the startle response was longer and the mean amplitude of the response was smaller with respect to control responses that occurred to acoustic stimuli alone. However, at a higher energy dose per microwave pulse in the range of 59-107 mJ/kg (peak SAR. 63-1 11 kW/kg), the mean latency and amplitude of the startle response were not statistically different from the respective means of control responses. Threshold for Inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by ELF Alternating Currents. Blank M; Soo L Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p329-333 1992 *Alternating currents can increase or decrease the ATP- splitting activity of the membrane enzyme Na,K-ATPase. Either change depends on the AC frequency, and the greatest effect appears to be in the ELF range at about 100 Hz. The threshold for enzyme inhibition by AC was determined, and it is estimated to be an internal electric field circa 5-mu-V/cm. The corresponding current-density threshold approximates 8 nA/cm2. Epidemiological and Laboratory Studies of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Sagan LA JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 268 (5) p625-629 AUG 5 1992 Electromagnetic Pulse and Its Effects. Loeb JM; Bristow LR; Broadaway RK; Contogiannis MA; Dawson JH; Dickey NW; Gifford RW; Hartford AC; Jacott WE; Mcafee RE; Painter JT; Ring JJ; Scalettar R; Schenken JR; Walker FB; Doege TC; Wheater RH; Hendee WR JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 268 (5) p639-641 AUG 5 1992 A Magnetite Null Detector as the Migrating Bird's Compass. Edmonds DT Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences; 249 (1324) p27-31 JUL 22 1992 *The magnetic compass of migrating birds is different from a normal terrestrial compass in that reversing the direction of the magnetic field leaves its reading unchanged. The birds detect the north-south plane as that containing the directions of the earth's magnetic field and gravity, and for north-south discrimination, and also possibly for a map sense of latitude, they detect the angle between the magnetic and gravitational axes within that plane. In this paper it is demonstrated that a biological compass with these characteristics is naturally formed if a biologically synthesized magnetite crystal becomes attached to a torque detector, such as a hair cell. Such a device has the required axial response, despite the polar response of a permanent magnet in a magnetic field, if it acts as a null detector of magnetic torque. It can also integrate at a single site the measurement of the directions of gravity and the magnetic field so that the angle between them is obtained directly. Magnetism in Biology and Medicine. Kholodov YA Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova; 42 (3) p462-469 MAY-JUN 1992 *In the paper is made an excursion into the history of foundation of electrobiology as a science with its two main trends - magnitobiology and biomagnetism. The main experimental results are given, which became a basis of a widespread application of the electromagnetic fields of different biotropic parameters in the therapy of many diseases. The possibilities are revealed of the application of the methods of recording the magnetic fields of the human brain and heart for the diagnostics of human functional and pathological states. Geomagnetic Pulsations as One of Ecological Factors of the Environment. Kleymenova NG; Troitskaya VA Biofizika; 37 (3) p429- 438 MAY-JUN 1992 *Wave processes in the Earth magnetic field are discussed from the viewpoint of their influence on the biosphere. The biogenic magnetite is a basis for magnetic field detection in biosystems. Among numerous quasiperiodical variations of the geomagnetic field there exist <> variations occuring regularly, so that the biosystems get <> to them, and sporadic variations the adaptation to which is weakened. The important question in the correlation analysis is a spectral composition of the wave processes investigated, the duration of frequency components of the signal, its stability, the rate of the intensity change and the local time of occurrence. On Correlation Between Some Medical Indices and Fluctuations of Natural Gravitation. Raibstein VA; Voinov VI; Kudryashov VE; Chepasov VA Biofizika; 37 (3) p524-532 MAY- JUN 1992 *The hourly amount of 3140 hospital deaths, 2220 births by terminated labours, and 617 investigations of some elementary functions of haemodynamics and external respiration are correlated with tidal gravitation cycles calculated al the same time of day. The statistical analysis revealed significant dependence of the obtained data on local geometrical properties of 12-hour lunar tidal waves. Their distinctive signs were convexity- concavity and growing- sinking which the 12-hour lunar wave into 4 intervals. To each interval corresponded specific patterns of death and birth curves during 24-hours and divergent distribution of values of haemodynamics and external respiration. The investigation results and literature data point to the fact thal periodic fluctuations of natural gravitation fields carrying the information on changes in space-time may serve as an outside time-marker (Zeitgeber) of biological rhythms. Influence of the Gravity Flow Changes on Periodic Functional Activity of the Dog Corticoadrenal and Thyroid Glands. Bortnikova GI Biofizika; 37 (3) p533-540 MAY-JUN 1992 *Among the universal environmental factors changes of the gravity flow are not enough investigated. Relations between the dog corticoadrenal and thyroid glands functional rhythms and the properties of curvature level surfaces of the gravity flow changes were established, The suggested mechanism of the effect of gravitation flow changes includes ability of cells and ultrastructures to reflect the geometric properties of the local space. Alternative Nongravitational Mechanism of Lunar Influence upon the Biological Processes. Gulyaev RA; Gulyaeva TL Biofizika; 37 (3) p541-546 MAY-JUN 1992 *Non-gravitational mechanism of the lunar influence upon the geo- and biosphere of the Earth concerned with the Moon's screening off the corpuscular flux (the solar wind) is proposed. Due to the magnetosphere dimensions exceeding those of the Earth, the solar eclipses occur more frequently in the magnetosphere, in particular, during each new moon. Increased disturbances of the geomagnetic field (auroral electrojet index) were observed for the summer 1964 new moon periods during solar minimum. It is assumed that biological effects of the solar corpuscular eclipses should be observed not only during the solar eclipses on the Earth, but also for each new moon. The paper surveys briefly information on solar-terrestrial physics necessary for understanding the problem. Longitudinal Response of Subauroral and Equator Ionosphere to Resonance Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Novikova LN; Soboleva TN Biofizika; 37 (3) p554-558 MAY-JUN 1992 *At the altitude or 400 km the meridional ion concentration distribution was investigated with IMF change. At the points disposed along the longitude at the distance equal to DELTA- lambda = 180-degrees there were discovered contraphase changes of concentration and also the displacements of throughs in subauroral and equator zones. When IMF changes in resonance with two days Earth revolution the main ionospheric through locations outline the figure similar to quasieight figure along the longitude in the south hemisphere of the Earth. There was discovered a golden section in geophysics. Biomagnetic Correlation and the Hypothesis of Current States in Liquid Water. Beengui VN Biofizika; 37 (3) p596-600 MAY-JUN 1992 *Biomagnetic correlation is supposed to be due to direct space magnetic field effects. The mechanism of biomagnetic effect is suggested which is based on the hypothetic quantum metastable states of proton in liquid water. Applicability of the concrete model is discussed for interpreting observable bioeffects of low frequency and constant magnetic fields, the magnetic vacuum included. The Effect of Low-Frequency Electrical Fields on Osteogenesis. Mcleod KJ; Rubin CT Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume; 74A (6) p920-929 JUL 1992 *An in vivo animal model of disuse osteopenia was used to determine the osteogenic potential of specific components of electrical fields. The ability of a complex pulsed electrical field to inhibit loss of bone was compared with the remodeling response generated by extremely low- power, low-frequency (fifteen, seventy-five, and 150-hertz) sinusoidal electrical fields. The left ulnae of thirty adult male turkeys were functionally isolated by creation of distal and proximal epiphyseal osteotomies and then were exposed, for one hour each day, to an electrical field that had been induced exogenously by means of magnetic induction. After a fifty-six-day protocol, the remodeling response was quantified by a comparison of the cross- sectional area of the mid-part of the diaphysis of the functionally isolated ulna with that of the intact contralateral ulna. Disuse resulted in a 13 per cent mean loss of osseous tissue, which was not significantly different than the 10 per cent loss that was caused by disuse treated with inactive coils. Exposure to the pulsed electrical fields prevented this osteopenia and stimulated a 10 per cent mean increase in the bone area. The osteogenic influence of the sinusoidal electrical fields was strongly dependent on the frequency; the 150, seventy- rive, and fifteen-hertz sinusoidal fields, respectively, generated a -3 per cent, +5 per cent, and +20 per cent mean change in the bone area. These results suggest a tissue sensitivity that is specific to very low-frequency sinusoidal electrical fields, and they imply that the induced electrical fields need not have complex waveforms to be osteogenic. Since the frequency and intensity range of the sinusoidal fields producing the greatest osteogenic response are similar to the levels produced intrinsically by normal functional activity, these results support the hypothesis that electricity plays a role in the retention of the normal remodeling balance within mature bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that loss of bone may be prevented, or formation of bone may be promoted, by short exposure to extremely low-power, low- frequency electrical fields. The data presented here indicate that the electrical fields that are used clinically in the treatment of fracture non-unions induce orders of magnitude more power into the tissue than may be needed to stimulate a beneficial response. Fluorescent Light Photosensitivity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rihner M; Mcgrath H Arthritis and Rheumatism; 35 (8) p949-952 AUG 1992 *Objective. To determine the prevalence of fluorescent light toxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. SLE patients were polled about their symptomatic responses to sunlight and cool white fluorescent light. Photometry was used to determine the levels of ultraviolet (UV) emissions from fluorescent lamps. Results. Thirteen of 30 photosensitive SLE patients described increases in disease activity following exposure to unshielded fluorescent lamps. Photometry indicated that these lamps emit substantial levels of UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation, which is toxic to patients with SLE. Standard acrylic diffusers absorbed this radiation, and their use was associated with almost no patient-reported problems. Conclusion. Fluorescent lamps, emitting UV-B radiation, induce disease activity in photosensitive SLE patients. Standard acrylic diffusers absorb UV-B radiation and appear to be protective against induction of disease activity with the use of fluorescent lamps. Magnetite Biomineralization in the Human Brain. Kirschvink JL; Kobayashikirschvink A; Woodford BJ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 89 (16) p7683-7687 AUG 15 1992 *Although the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) is precipitated biochemically by bacteria, protists, and a variety of animals, it has not been documented previously in human tissue. Using an ultrasensitive superconducting magnetometer in a clean-lab environment, we have detected the presence of ferromagnetic material in a variety of tissues from the human brain. Magnetic particle extracts from solubilized brain tissues %examined with high- resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and elemental analyses identify minerals in the magnetite-maghemite family, with many of the crystal morphologies and structures resembling strongly those precipitated by magnetotactic bacteria and fish. These magnetic and high- resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements imply the presence of a minimum of 5 million single-domain crystals per gram for most tissues in the brain and > 100 million crystals per gram for pia and dura. Magnetic property data indicate the crystals are in clumps of between 50 and 100 particles. Biogenic magnetite in the human brain may account for high- field saturation effects observed in the T1 and T2 values of magnetic resonance imaging and, perhaps, for a variety of biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields. Electric Power and Breast Cancer. Jauchem JR FASEB Journal; 6 (11) p3016 AUG 1992; Electric Power and Breast Cancer - Reply. Stevens RG FASEB Journal; 6 (11) p3016-3017 AUG 1992 VDUs Not Linked to Spontaneous Abortions. Lancet; 340 (8816) p423 AUG 15 1992 A Neuron Excited by Magnetic Fields. Tenney SM News in Physiological Sciences; 7 p189 AUG 1992 Magnetic Fields Mimic the Behavioral Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation in Humans. Sandyk R; Tsagas N; Anninos PA; Derpapas K International Journal of Neuroscience; 65 (1-4) p61-68 1992 *The discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1953 initiated the impetus for sleep research and specifically the investigations of the effects of REM sleep deprivation (RSD) on animal and human behavior. The behavioral effects of RSD include the enhancement of motivational and ''drive''-related behaviors. In laboratory animals, RSD has been reported to increase appetite, sexual behavior, aggressiveness, and locomotor activity. Moreover, RSD reportedly improves mood in patients with endogenous depression and heightens appetite and sexual interest in normal subjects. Since ''drive''-related behaviors are thought to involve activation of limbic dopaminergic reward sites, RSD may enhance motivational behaviors through an action on limbic dopaminergic functions. In the present communication, we present two patients (one with multiple sclerosis and the other with Parkinson's disease) in whom treatment with magnetic fields produced behavioral effects which paralleled those observed in REM- sleep-deprived animals and humans. We propose, therefore, that the behavioral and mental effects of treatment with magnetic fields may be mediated via RSD and, by inference, involve activation of limbic dopaminergic reward sites. Specific Absorption Rates and Induced Current Distributions in an Anatomically Based Human Model for Plane-Wave Exposures. Gandhi OP; Gu YG; Chen JY; Bassen HI Health Physics; 63 (3) p281-290 SEP 1992 *We have previously reported local, layer-averaged, and whole- body-averaged specific absorption rates and induced currents for a 5,628-cell anatomically based model of a human for plane-wave exposures 20-100 MHz (Chen and Gandhi 1989). Using a higher resolution, 45,024-cell model of the human body, calculations have now been extended to 915 MHz using the finite-difference time-domain method. Because of the higher resolution of the model, it has been possible to calculate specific absorption rates for various organs (brain, eyes, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines) and for various parts of the body (head, neck, torso, legs, and arms) as a function of frequency in the band 100-915 MHz. Consistent with some of the experimental data in the literature, the highest part-body-averaged specific absorption rate for the head and neck region (as well as for the eyes and brain) occurs at 200 MHz for the isolated condition and at 150 MHz for the grounded condition of the model. Also observed is an increasing specific absorption rate for the eyes for frequencies above 350 MHz due to the superficial nature of power deposition at increasing frequencies. Speed Kills - But What About Radar Guns. Volkers N Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 84 (17) p1310-1311 SEP 2 1992 An Electromagnetic Theory of Life .2. Testing. Bulkley DH Medical Hypotheses; 38 (4) p305- 310 AUG 1992 *Serious problems and contradictions face the long-standing chemical reaction theory of life. Arguments favoring an alternative view featuring electromagnetic micromechanisms were presented in the December 1989 issue of this Journal (27, 31). However, the theory had an extremely general form which was forbidding to laboratory demonstration. It became clear that its essentially conceptual form needed to be transformed to a testable theory which ultimately could lead to laboratory verification. Now, with the recognition of the role of chaos theory in finding order within chaos in the kinetics of cell metabolism, the electromagnetic theory of life has become better grounded and more amenable to laboratory testing and evaluation. I thus focus on certain theoretical advances as well as the application of new technologies to test the hypothesis of 5 specific target areas. With the verification of electromagnetic processes in life, we anticipate that the biomedical sciences will be propelled to a wealth of solutions to many vexing problems. Modification of Tumor Promotion in the Mouse Skin by Exposure to an Alternating Magnetic Field. Stuchly MA; Mclean JRN; Burnett R; Goddard M; Lecuyer DW; Mitchel REJ Cancer Letters; 65 (1) p1-7 JUL 31 1992 *Some epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to an alternating magnetic field may increase the incidence of some cancers. Our earlier study of carcinogenesis in mouse skin, indicated that exposure to a magnetic field (MF) alone did not promote the growth of tumors. In the present experiment, the ability of a MF to act as a tumor copromoter was investigated. The dorsal skins of female SENCAR mice (6 - 7-weeks-old) were treated with 10 nmol of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to initiate the carcinogenic process and then tumor development was promoted, for 23 weeks, by weekly applications of 4.9 nmol (0.3- mu-g) of 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate (TPA). One group of 48 mice were exposed to a 60-Hz magnetic field of 2 mT (20 Gauss) for 6 h/day 5 days/week, while a similar group (48 mice) were sham exposed. After week 12, the percentage of mice with tumors and the mean number of tumors per mouse, were higher for the group exposed to MF. At week 18, for example, where the differences between field and sham groups were statistically significant, the percentage of mice with tumors were, respectively, 25 % and 8 % (P < 0. 05, Fisher exact) and, the mean yield of tumors 1.9 +/- 0.69 and 0.65 +/- 0.46 (mean +/- S.E.M.) (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon). At week 23 these differences were no longer statistically significant. The Electrochemical Potential Revisited. Walz D; Caplan SR Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p5-30 AUG 1992 *The electrochemical potential of a charged species involves a certain ambiguity when defined following the convention used in physics and thermodynamics, where the reference point for electrical potentials is taken at infinity. A thermodynamic model system is used to elucidate the source of the ambiguity and its consequences. As a result it is shown that by choosing a point inside one of the phases of the system as a reference point, the ambiguity entirely disappears. This proposed convention is implicitly used when defining the zero point of the redox potential scale by means of the standard hydrogen electrode. It is also implicitly used to describe bioelectrochemical and bioenergetic phenomena, a usage which is here shown to have a rigorous foundation. A further aspect of this investigation is the finding that the electrostatic energy of a system and thus the electrical contribution to the electrochemical potential of a species is entropic in character. Counter-Ion Polarization and Low Frequency, Low Electric Field Intensity Biological Effects. Polk C Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p279-289 AUG 1992 *By analysis of published experimental data for the dielectric properties of tissue at extremely low frequencies it is shown that the ''thermal noise problem'' is much less severe for field effects depending on counter- ion polarization than for effects that require a change of transmembrane potential. Application of dielectric mixture theory and the theory of counter- ion polarization is used to show that the fraction of charges near the cell surface involved in counter-ion polarization is of the order of 10(-6) al the thermal noise limit when the frequency of the applied field is 15 Hz. It is also shown that the exponential decay distance for polarization-related charge motion can be more than 50% of the intercell spacing. Thus extremely low frequency electric fields that cause counter- ion polarization can affect the ionic environment of those membrane-embedded proteins which extend far into the intercellular medium and can possibly also influence cell- to-cell communication. Temperature Dependence of Electric Field Effects on Na,K- ATPase. Blank M; Soo L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p291-299 AUG 1992 *We have shown that the effect of alternating currents (a.c.) on Na,K-ATPase varies with temperature, and that the observations can be explained by assuming a simple theoretical model of changes in the ion binding to the activation sites due to an imposed alternating electric field. Previous observations showing that the effect of an electric field on the enzyme can lead to either an enhancement or a decrease in enzyme activity, depending upon the initial activity, also appears to be true when the enzyme activity is varied by changing the temperature. This suggests very strongly that the mechanism of action of a.c. is the result of changing in ion binding and not changes in lipid phase structure. Changes in Transcription in HL-60 Cells Following Exposure to Alternating Currents from Electric Fields. Blank M; Soo L; Lin H; Henderson AS; Goodman R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p301-309 AUG 1992 *The effect of varying field strength and exposure time on histone H2B and c-myc transcript levels in HL-60 cells exposed to 60 Hz electric fields (sine waves) is reported here. An increase in the basal levels of these normally expressed transcripts was observed, which was dependent on both field strength and time of exposure. Beta-2- microglobulin, a transcript known to be uninducible, was unaffected by cellular exposure to the field strengths used in these experiments. Transcription in Drosophila-Melanogaster Salivary Gland Cells Is Altered Following Exposure to Low Frequency Electro-Magnetic Fields - Analysis of Chromosome-3L and Chromosome- X. Goodman R; Weisbrot D; Uluc A; Henderson A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p311-318 AUG 1992 *The precise chromosome location of nascent RNA chains can be identified in Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes using transcription autoradiographic techniques. Our research has used transcription autoradiography to identify changes in transcriptional activity following 20 min exposures of salivary glands to five extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Where possible, chromosome regions have been correlated with known gene sites using chromosome maps. Electrostimulation of the Dehydrogenase System of Yeast by Alternating Currents. Zhang L; Berg H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p341-353 AUG 1992 *The dehydrogenase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was electrostimulated utilizing Helmholtz coils (average 4 mT, 60 Hz) to induce a current density of microamps per square centimetre or a field strength of the order of millivolts per centimetre. As an indicator, the reduction rate of methylene blue (MB) was used, measured by its polarographic signal instantaneously in the range of minutes. Up to now the effect of field on the reduction yield of MB has been determined depending on the following parameters: the concentration of cells in suspension, the pre-exposure time before adding MB to the cells, the temperature of the solution, the influence of the physiological state of growing cells and the concentration of phosphate buffer. Non-linear responses were detected in some of these dependences. As a general rule one can conclude that the slower the reduction rate, the higher the stimulation effect. The combination of MB with the dehydrogenase system turns out to be a method for determination of the electromagnetic field effect. This technique may also be useful for other microorganisms. From the Langevin-Lorentz to the Zeeman Model of Electromagnetic Effects on Ligand- Receptor Binding. Bianco B; Chiabrera A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p355-365 AUG 1992 *This paper attempts to elucidate the mechanism of action of electromagnetic exposure on ligand-receptor binding. The classical Langevin-Lorentz model, which can be used to describe the adsorption process of a messenger ion, is reviewed and discussed. We conclude that low intensity exposure does not affect appreciably the ion dynamics in the presence of background thermal white noise. A more realistic evaluation of the endogenous field present in a binding site leads to a quantum model based on weak Zeeman- Stark effects. The case of the Zeeman effect is studied in detail assuming a three-state binding site. The density operator method is used, introducing suitable lifetimes which model the thermal bath interaction. The closed form expression for the binding probability is found, as a function of the ligand-receptor parameters and of the electromagnetic sinusoidal exposure. A Review of the Literature on Potential Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Chernoff N; Rogers JM; Kavet R Toxicology; 74 (2-3) p91-126 SEP 1992 *The potential of electric and magnetic fields to adversely affect the health of the human population is an issue which continues to receive a great deal of attention in both public and scientific forums. One of the critical issues is the possibility that such fields may adversely affect the reproductive process. Numerous studies investigating the potential of electric and/or magnetic fields to alter reproduction in vertebrates have been conducted. These studies have, in many instances, yielded seemingly contradictory results. A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted as well. This review of the literature examines relevant studies and attempts to draw biologically rational conclusions from them. The studies are ordered in broad categories based upon both classification of the species studied (i.e. submammalian, mammalian exclusive of man and human) and the agent used (i.e. extremely low frequency electric, very low frequency electric, and magnetic fields). From our review we conclude that laboratory experimental and epidemiological results to date have not yielded conclusive data to support the contention that such fields induce adverse reproductive effects under the test or environmental conditions studied. Additional studies may, however, be warranted to clarify some of the experimental results obtained. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Pulsed Field Stimulation of Yeast. Bolognani L; Delmonte V; Francia F; Venturelli T; Volpi N; Costato M Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p1-10 1992 *The pool of adenylnucleotides ([ATP], [ADP], and [AMP]) is enhanced in yeast samples (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) treated with EM pulsed field for 15 min. ATP concentration is significantly increased, particularly in samples treated at 80 and 110 Hz (64.53 +/- 12.13 and 58.50 +/- 4.66 nmol/mg) with respect to controls (30.95 +/- 3.63 nmol/mg). The energy charge does not change significantly as [ADP] and [AMP] are also increased, except in the case of 40- Hz-treated samples. Fermentative Activity of Cold-Stressed Yeast and Effect of Electromagnetic Pulsed Field. Bolognani L; Francia F; Venturelli T; Volpi N; Costato M Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p11-17 1992 *Electromagnetic field stimulation at low frequency (80 Hz, induced electric field: 0.11 mV/cm) has been studied in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). 100 mg of yeast suspended in sucrose (5.8 x 10(-2) mol/L) and phosphate buffer (0.05 mol/L) were incubated at +36-degrees-C. CO2 production was measured in normal and cold-stressed-yeast (-23-degrees- C for 12 h). Electromagnetic pulsed field was effective in stimulating CO2 production in treated (150.8 +/- 35.6-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast) compared to normal control (109.2 +/- 21.3-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast) cultures and in stressed and treated (145.0 +/- 33.5-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast) vs. stressed untreated samples (83.3 +/- 18.7-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast). Exposure of Human Cells to Electromagnetic Fields - Effect of Time and Field Strength on Transcript Levels. Goodman R; Bumann J; Wei LX; Shirleyhenderson A Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p19-28 1992 *Short exposure of cultured human cells to extremely low- frequency electromagnetic fields causes a measurable increase in some transcript levels. The effect of varying field strength and exposure time on c-myc, beta-actin, c- src, beta-tubulin, and histone H2B transcript levels in human HL-60 cells exposed to continuous sine waves (60 Hz) is analyzed here. An increase in the basal levels of these normally expressed transcripts is observed with dependence on both field strength and time of exposure. A ''window'' effect is found for each transcript at 20 min exposure [magnetic flux density of 5.7-mu-Tesla (rms)]. Alpha- globin, a transcript not normally expressed in this cell line, was unaffected by exposure to the field strengths used for these experiments. Biological Systems in Transition - Sensitivity to Extremely Low- Frequency Fields. Mcleod BR; Liboff AR; Smith SD Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p29-42 1992 *It has been suggested for some time that cells ''far from equilibrium'' may be the most sensitive to applied extremely low- frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. The problem with this statement is that it is nearly impossible to quantify these words as they apply to a biological system in such a way that the definition can become part of a mechanistic model. It is apparent, however, that the physiological state of the biological system being exposed to ELF fields is important. A review of the literature allows one to identify many studies that have involved the simultaneous exposure of ''normal'' and ''healing'' cells to ELF fields (such as normal bone and flesh at a non-union fracture site), with the result being that only the ''healing'' cells were measurably affected by the applied fields. The non-union fracture in bone may be one example of where the state of the biological system (bone) can be quantified. It is also apparent that the physiological state of the system must be important in the ELF- biological system interaction since, for example, it would be surprising if an ELF field could increase biological activity that was already proceeding at the maximum rate. This paper examines the physiological state of the biological system and its importance in forming a mechanistic model of the interaction between ELF fields and the system. Fetal and Maternal Effects of Continual Exposure of Rats to 970- MHz Circularly-Polarized Microwaves. Berman E; Weil C; Phillips PA; Carter HB; House DE Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p43- 54 1992 *Virtually continual exposure to 970-MHz microwaves in circularly-polarized waveguides was used to elicit fetal responses in Sprague-Dawley rats during gestation. A total of 250 rats were exposed to microwave radiation at whole- body averaged specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.07, 2.4, or 4.8 W/kg or concurrently sham- irradiated for 22 h/day from the 1st through the 19th day of gestation. Prior to irradiation or sham irradiation, the rats were acclimated to cages in the waveguide system for 10 days and then bred. The rats were killed on the 20th day of gestation, and their fetuses counted and weighed, the fetal sternebrae ossifications counted, and the number of corpora lutea of the pregnancy determined. There were no alterations in pregnancy rates, fetal numbers (live, dead, resorbed, or total conceptuses), fetal weights, fetal skeletal maturation, or preimplantation losses after exposure at SARs of 0.07 or 2.4 W/kg. At SAR of 4.8 W/kg, only fetal body weight was significantly altered (-12%, p = 0.012). Two of twelve rats died during the exposure at SAR of 4.8 W/kg. Bred, but non-pregnant, rats that were exposed at SAR of 4.8 W/kg had significantly lower body weight gain than sham-irradiated rats; similar lower gain is assumed to have occurred in the pregnant rats exposed at SAR of 4.8 W/kg, and whose fetuses were significantly smaller. We conclude that continual gestational exposure at SAR of 4.8 (but not 2.4 or lower) W/kg induces fetal alterations. Apparently, deleterious maternal effects are associated with these fetal changes. Although colonic temperature was not measured in these rats, it is expected that exposure at 4.8 W/kg was hyperthermal. Conflicting Data on Biological Systems Treated with Electrical Direct Current. Miklavcic D; Sersa G Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p67-69 1992 Magnetic fields alter the circadian periodicity of seizures Sandyk R & Anninos PA Int J Neurosci 63(3-4) 1992 265 Alternative Functional Relationships Between ELF Field Exposure and Possible Health Effects - Report on an Expert Workshop. Morgan MG; Nair I Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p335-350 1992 *If exposure to 60 Hz fields poses risks to public health, the relationship between exposure and risk may involve something other than the product of field strength and time. Such alternative possible relations, or ''effects functions,'' are of great interest to epidemiologists, engineers, risk analysts, and regulators. A structured survey and workshop were used to explore whether leading researchers in bioelectromagnetics share similar views about alternative possible effects functions. Substantial agreement was found about several effects functions in a few specific contexts such as calcium-ion efflux and cell signaling, and biosynthesis pathways. No significant agreement emerged in many other contexts. No effects function possibilities were ruled out. Further effort of this sort was judged unlikely to yield greater consensus until more complete scientific understanding becomes available. However, a series of structured workshops on research planning and priority setting were judged to hold great potential for useful results. Rats Are Not Aversive When Exposed to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields at 3.03 mT. Lovely RH; Creim JA; Kaune WT; Miller MC; Phillips RD; Anderson LE Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p351-362 1992 *Thirty-two male rats were tested in two replicates of an experiment to determine whether body currents induced by 60-Hz magnetic fields might lead to avoidance behavior comparable to that which results from exposure to strong 60-Hz electric fields. The test apparatus was a two- compartment Plexiglas(R) shuttlebox enclosed in a sound- attenuating plywood chamber, which in turn was encompassed by two copper bus bars that, when energized, served as a source of 60-Hz magnetic fields. Location of the rat, and traverse activity in the shuttlebox were monitored by nine infra-red photo detectors equally spaced along the length of the apparatus. Rats were divided into 2 groups: 1 group of rats (n = 8 per group per replicate) was sham exposed while rats in the other group (n = 8 per group per replicate) were exposed to a 3.03 mT (30.3 G), 60-Hz magnetic field whenever they traversed to or were located on the side (L or R) predetermined as the exposed side. To control artifact incident to side preference, the side exposed (L or R) was alternated over the exposed rats. Each rat was tested individually in a 1-h session. A 2- factor ANOVA (exposed vs. control, replicate 1 vs. replicate 2) failed to reveal any significant effects due to either factor or to an interaction between factors. These data demonstrate that rats do not avoid exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields at a flux density of 3.03 mT and further imply that the avoidance by rats of high level 60- Hz electric fields is mediated by something other than the internal body currents induced by the exposure. Relative-Risk-Estimate Bias and Loss of Power in the Mantel Test for Trend Resulting from the Use of Magnetic-Field Point-in-Time (Spot) Measurements in Epidemiological Studies Based on an Ordinal Exposure Scale. Delpizzo V; Salzberg MR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p363-378 1992 *We assessed the merits of various point-in-time (''spot'') measurement protocols in case- control studies based on an ordinal exposure scale. After classifying a number of houses on the basis of prolonged monitoring of the ambient, extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field, we determined the probability of misclassification for each ''spot'' measurement protocol. We calculated the effect of this misclassification on the relative risk estimates and on the Mantel test for trend. We found that classification based on a small group of point-in-time measurements allows an adequate estimate of the relative risk, although the statistical significance of the dose-response gradient may be seriously underestimated. However, the use of automated ambient-field monitors, which results in loss of information on spatial variability, can lead to similar consequences. Therefore, manually collected point-in-time measurements remain a viable option for exposure assessment. Increased Sensitivity of the Non-Human Primate Eye to Microwave Radiation Following Ophthalmic Drug Pretreatment. Kues HA; Monahan JC; Danna SA; Mcleod DS; Lutty GA; Koslov S Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p379-393 1992 *Previous studies in our laboratory have established that pulsed microwaves at 2.45 GHz and 10 MW/cm2 are associated with production of corneal endothelial lesions and with disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the non-human primate eye. In the study reported here we examined ocular damage in monkeys (M. mulatta and M. fascicularis) following topical treatment with one of two ophthalmic drugs (timolol maleate and pilocarpine) that preceded exposure to pulsed microwaves. Anesthetized monkeys were sham exposed or exposed to pulsed, 2.45 GHz microwaves (10- mu-s, 100 pps) at average power densities of 0.2, 1, 5, 10, or 15 MW/CM2 4 h a day for 3 consecutive days (respective SARs were 0.052, 0.26, 1.3, 2.6, and 3.9 W/kg). Immediately before microwave exposure, one or both eyes were treated topically with one drop of 0.5% timolol maleate or of 2% pilocarpine. Following administration of a drug, we observed a significant reduction in the power- density threshold (from 10 to 1 MW/CM2) for induction of corneal endothelial lesions and for increased vascular permeability of the iris. Diagnostic procedures (in vivo specular microscopy and fluorescein iris angiography) were performed following each exposure protocol. In addition, increased vascular permeability was confirmed with horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. Although we did not measure intraocular temperatures in experimental animals, the results suggest that a mechanism other than significant heating of the eye is involved. Our data indicate that pulsed microwaves at an average SAR of 0.26 W/kg, if administered after pretreatment with ophthalmic drugs, can produce significant ocular effects in the anesthetized primate. Effects of a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz Electric Field on the Social Behavior of Baboons - A Crossover Experiment. Easley SP; Coelho AM; Rogers WR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p395-400 1992 *Using a crossover experimental design, we evaluated our earlier findings that exposure to a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field for 12 hours per day, 7 days per week for 6 weeks produced significant changes in the performance rates of social behaviors among young adult male baboons. In the crossover experiment, the former control group was exposed to a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field for 3 weeks. Only an extremely small, incidental magnetic field was generated by the exposure apparatus. We found that electric-field exposure again produced increases in the performance rates that index Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. These findings, combined with results from our other electric-field experiments, indicate that exposure to strong electric fields, in the absence of associated magnetic fields, consistently produces effects that are expressed as increases in rates of performance of social behaviors in young adult male baboons. Uniform Magnetic Fields and Double-Wrapped Coil Systems - Improved Techniques for the Design of Bioelectromagnetic Experiments. Kirschvink JL Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p401- 411 1992 *A common mistake in biomagnetic experimentation is the assumption that Helmholtz coils provide uniform magnetic fields; this is true only for a limited volume at their center. Substantial improvements on this design have been made during the past 140 years with systems of three, four, and five coils. Numerical comparisons of the field uniformity generated by these designs are made here, along with a table of construction details and recommendations for their use in experiments in which large volumes of uniform intensity magnetic exposures are needed. Double- wrapping, or systems of bifilar windings, can also help control for the non-magnetic effects of the electric coils used in many experiments. In this design, each coil is wrapped in parallel with two separate, adjacent strands of copper wire, rather than the single strand used normally. If currents are flowing in antiparallel directions, the magnetic fields generated by each strand will cancel and yield virtually no external magnetic field, whereas parallel currents will yield an external field. Both cases will produce similar non-magnetic effects of ohmic heating, and simple measures can reduce the small vibration and electric field differences. Control experiments can then be designed such that the only major difference between treated and untreated groups is the presence or absence of the magnetic field. Double- wrapped coils also facilitate the use of truly double-blind protocol, as the same apparatus can be used either for experimental or control groups. Small Integrating Meter for Assessing Long-Term Exposure to Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT; Niple JC; Liu MJ; Silva JM Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p413-427 1992 *A small, lightweight meter has been developed for magnetic- field measurements, particularly those needed for exposure- assessment purposes. This meter, known as the AMEX-3D, continuously measures all three axes of magnetic-flux density and electronically combines the data into a single estimate of cumulative exposure to the root-mean-square (rms) resultant flux density. The AMEX-3D weighs about 120 g, measures 2.7 cm x 5.1 cm x 10.2 cm, and is battery powered. Two panel-mounted jacks are provided for measuring battery voltage and for reading cumulative exposure data from the unit. The instrument has, within 3 dB, a flat response to magnetic flux densities at all frequencies in its 30-1,000 Hz bandwidth. A detailed analysis of error sources in the AMEX-3D leads to an estimate of +/- 20% as the accuracy of the instrument over its dynamic range, which extends from 0.02 to 15-mu-T. The AMEX-3D was tested in the field by asking electric- utility distribution linemen to wear AMEX-3D and EMDEX meters simultaneously while working. Agreement between the two measures of exposure was excellent. Statistical Review of the Henhouse Experiments - The Effects of a Pulsed Magnetic Field on Chick Embryos. Handcock MS; Kolassa JE Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p429-433 1992 *This paper analyzes data from a study conducted by the United States Office of Naval Research on the effects of pulsed magnetic fields on chick embryos. The experiment involved incubation of eggs under carefully controlled conditions in six different laboratories. The original analysis included inappropriate statistical methodology for analyzing the experimental results. Since the conclusions from this study rest so heavily on the results of statistical analyses, choosing the proper methodology is imperative. The major aim of this paper then is to introduce more appropriate analytic tools and illustrate their use in the present context. Qualitatively our results agree with those of the original analysis; our findings about interactions between effects, however, makes interpretation of these effects more subtle. We apply linear logistic modeling to counts of damaged embryos, using as covariates factors corresponding to exposure, laboratory, incubator, run, and measurements of background radiation. This facilitates estimation of the size of the effects. The effects of laboratory, incubator, and run are explored both as fixed and random effects. We find statistically significant exposure and laboratory effects, in accordance with the original study. However, we also find that the inter- laboratory variation in exposure effect is at least as large as the exposure effect itself. The presence of such effects fundamentally alters the interpretation of the fitted model, as is graphically presented. Growth of Human Cultured Cells Exposed to a Non-Homogeneous Static Magnetic Field Generated by Sm-Co Magnets. Sato K; Yamaguchi H; Miyamoto H; Kinouchi Y Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1136 (3) p231-238 SEP 9 1992 *A static magnetic field, with a strong spatial gradient, was established on the surface of cell culture dishes by use of a gilded iron needle set vertically above an Sm-Co magnet. The calculated magnetic flux density was more than 1.5 T at the center of the needle tip, and the products of the flux density and its gradient were about 200 and 60 T2/m at distances of 0.1 and 0.3 mm, respectively, from the center. The DNA content, DNA synthesis and labeling index of cultured cells located within 0.1 mm from the center of the needle, and the growth rate of cells located within 0.3 mm from the center, were measured. HeLa cells grew at a normal rate for 96 h in the magnetic field and showed no significant change in shape, detectable by scanning electron microscopy. The growth of HeLa cells was not influenced by exposure to the magnetic field. Similarly, exposure for 48 h to the magnetic field had no effect on growth of normal human gingival fibroblasts (Gin- 1). The DNA content, assayed by microfluorometry of the nuclei of both types of cells stained by the Feulgen reaction, was not significantly different from that of controls. Moreover, exposure to the magnetic field had no effect on DNA synthesis or the labeling index of HeLa cells assayed by autoradiography of incorporated [H- 3]thymidine. It is concluded that a non-homogeneous magnetic field of the intensity and the gradient used in this study does not significantly influence the growth of HeLa cells or Gin-1 cells. The Effects of Continuous Exposure to 20-kHz Sawtooth Magnetic Fields on the Litters of CD-1 Mice. Wiley MJ; Corey P; Kavet R; Charry J; Harvey S; Agnew D; Walsh M Teratology; 46 (4) p391-398 OCT 1992 *Mated CD-1 mice were exposed to 20-kHz sawtooth magnetic fields similar to those associated with video display terminals (VDT). Four groups of animals were continuously exposed from day 1 to day 18 of pregnancy to field strengths of 0, 3.6, 17, or 200-mu- T. There were no less than 185 mated dams in each exposure group. On day 18, the dams were sacrificed and assessed for weight gain and pregnancy. The litters were evaluated for numbers of implantations, fetal deaths and resorptions, gross external, visceral and skeletal malformations, and fetal weights. There were no less than 140 pregnant females in each group, and there were no significant differences between any of the exposure groups and the sham group (0- mu-T) for any of the end points. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the 20-kHz VLF magnetic fields associated with video display terminals are teratogenic in mammals. Incidence of Cancer in Norwegian Workers Potentially Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields. Tynes T; Andersen A; Langmark F American Journal of Epidemiology; 136 (1) p81-88 JUL 1 1992 *The risk of cancer was investigated in a cohort of 37,945 male Norwegian electrical workers for whom information on job description was collected from 1960 census data and linked to the 1970 census data. The standardized incidence ratio was calculated for all cancer sites in the overall cohort by comparison with national incidence rates for economically active men at the 1960 census. The standardized incidence ratios for cancers of the breast, pleura (mesothelioma), larynx, and bladder and for soft tissue sarcoma were elevated, while those for non-Hodgkins and Hodgkins lymphoma were lower. The standardized incidence ratio for leukemia for electrical workers with 1 0 or more economically active years was 1.41. The standardized incidence ratio for brain tumors in this subgroup of electrical workers was 1.14. These results from a large, national, population-based study at the Cancer Registry of Norway give support to previous findings of a possible association between electrical work and the risk of leukemia. Magnetic Field-Induced Changes in Specific Gene Transcription. Phillips JL; Haggren W; Thomas WJ; Ishidajones T; Adey WR Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1132 (2) p140-144 SEP 24 1992 *Magnetic fields are physical, environmental agents that have been shown to produce a variety of responses in cellular and animal studies, including general changes in gene transcription. In this study, the nuclear run-off assay has been employed to assess alterations in specific gene transcription in CEM-CM3 T- lymphoblastoid cells exposed for 15-120 min to a 1 gauss sinusoidal magnetic field at 60 Hz. Time-dependent and cell density-dependent changes in the transcription of c-fos, c-jun, c-myc and protein kinase C (beta-form) have been observed and quantitated. Additionally, changes in transcript levels, assessed by slot-blot analysis, have been found to parallel the changes in gene transcription. These data suggest an important role for magnetic field exposure in altering cellular processes. Lightning and Electrical Injury. Cox RAF Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 85 (10) p591-593 OCT 1992 Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Sandyk R; Anninos PA; Tsagas N; Derpapas K International Journal of Neuroscience; 63 (1-2) p141-150 1992 *Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common complication of chronic dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The overall prevalence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias ranges from 40%-90% and is related to the underlying disease process, pharmacologic factors, and to the duration of high dose levodopa therapy. The mechanisms underlying the emergence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias are unknown, although most investigators favor the theory that striatal dopamine receptor super-sensitivity is directly responsible for the development of these abnormal movements. In laboratory animals, the pineal hormone melatonin has been shown to regulate striatal dopaminergic activity and block levodopa-induced dyskinesias (Cotzias et al., 1971). Since the pineal gland is known to be a magnetosensitive organ and as application of external magnetic fields has been shown to alter melatonin secretion, we studied the effects of application of external artificial weak magnetic fields in a Parkinsonian patient with severe levodopa-induced dyskinesias (''on-off''). Application of weak magnetic fields with a frequency of 2 Hz and intensity of 7.5 picotesla (pT) for a 6 minute period resulted in a rapid and dramatic attenuation of Parkinsonian disability and an almost complete resolution of the dyskinesias. This effect persisted for about 72 hours after which the patient regressed to his pretreatment state. To ascertain if the responses elicited in the laboratory were reproducible, the patient was instructed to apply magnetic fields of the same characteristics daily at home. These subsequent treatments paralleled the initial response with a sustained improvement being maintained during an observation period lasting at least one month. This case demonstrates the efficacy of weak magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinsonism and motor complications of chronic levodopa therapy. Synergism Between Electrolysis and Methylene Blue Photodynamic Action in Escherichia- Coli. Capella MAM; Menezes S International Journal of Radiation Biology; 62 (3) p321-326 SEP 1992 *There is interest in the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer. However, weak penetration of visible light in tissues has restricted its use. In this study the possibility of enhancing photodynamic effects by the use of energies that penetrate more deeply in tissues was investigated. Weak electric currents (1.0 mA) applied to Escherichia coli cells for short periods, producing little or no lethal damage, was found to act synergistically with the photodynamic action of methylene blue, significantly enhancing the effects of this treatment. This synergism exists also between electrolysis and X-rays but not between electrolysis and UV-254 nm. It is suggested that this synergism might eventually be used to improve the results obtained in therapeutic practice based on the utilization of photodynamic action. Potentiation of Atropine-Induced Retardation of Small Intestine Transit in Mice by a Pulsed Magnetic Field. Santini R; Seigne M Drug Development Research; 27 (1) p73-76 1992 *The interaction of a pulsed (100 and 50 Hz) magnetic field (90 muT) with the effect of atropine on small intestine transit was studied in mice. Both frequencies of the magnetic field significantly potentiated the atropine- induced delay in intestinal transit but did not affect intestinal transit per se. This result further strengthens previous observations on interactions between electromagnetic fields and the actions of drugs. On Sensitivity of Biological Objects to the Geomagnetic Field Effect. Zinchenko SY; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p636-642 JUL- AUG 1992 *It is shown on the basis of calculations of energy sublevels of the hyperfine structure that the effect of the geomagnetic field upon the impurity atoms in the volume of living cells should be considered in relation to the value of geomagnetic field induction pulses DELTAB. When DELTAB greater-than-or-equal-to 10 pT and the dielectric constant epsilon greater-than-or- equal-to 10, magnetodipole transitions between sublevels of the hyperfine structure within one term are possible in impurity atoms in their 2P-state. During magnetic storms with DELTAB greater-than-or- equal-to 100 nT magnetodipole or magnetoquadrupole forced transitions from 2P1/2 and 2P3/2 states to 2S1/2 metastable state are possible in the resonant zones formed by intersection of hyperfine energy sublevels of the corresponding excited levels. Biological Detector of Faint Cosmophysical Fields. Kopvillem UK; Sharipov RZ; Zapolsky AM; Aisdaicher NA Biofizika; 37 (4) p643- 646 JUL-AUG 1992 *Possibility of use of biological object as a detector of faint cosmophysical fields is discussed. The signals of free induction and electric echo caused by a short-term effect of light with an intensity of approximately 0,2 mWt/sm2 on biological systems were observed. The experiments with Blatella germanica, Muska domestica were performed in vivo and with red and green seaweeds and yeast cells in vitro. The signals were detected by means of the dielectric permeability measurement in a dynamic regime. Main features of the observed responses are described and assuption on mechanisms of their origin are given. An example of registration of the Lunar eclipse on a detector with in active element of Blatella germanica is given. Effect of Solar Activity Fluctuations on Biological Systems. Sidyakin VG Biofizika; 37 (4) p647-652 JUL-AUG 1992 *It has been found that artificial weak electromagnetic fields imitating netural geomagnetic disturbances change the morpho- functional state of the central nervous system and responding reactions of the human and animal organism as a whole. Influence of Weakly Changing Magnetic Fields of Infralow Frequency of Many-Days Rhythms of Rats Sympatoadrenal System. Temurjants NA; Makeev VB; Malygina VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p653-655 JUL-AUG 1992 *It was found in open test that changing magnetic fields with 8 Hz frequency and 5 mcTl induction in daily 3 hours exposition on rats with a middle level of the mobile activity move the phase of diuresis dally rhythms and epinephrine and norepinephrine yield as well. In rats with desinchronosis provoked by hypokinesia the changing magnetic fields restore the synchronism of the studied processes. On the Problem of Cosmic Effect of Unknown Nature. Klochek NV; Palamarchuk LE; Plyusnina LA; Nikonova MV Biofizika; 37 (4) p656- 660 JUL-AUG 1992 *It has been shown that some processes on the Earth are subjected to cosmic effect of unknown nature which cannot be reduced to the electromagnetic fields. Related studies are discussed. Temporal Analysis of the Calls of Psychiatric Emergency Ambulance Unit. Shekhtman VM; Shepasov VA Biofizika; 37 (4) p661-666 JUL- AUG 1992 *6075 calls for the psychiatric emergency ambulance unit were reviewed. An analysis of the hourly and 24-hour number of calls showed the existence of 24-hour, lunar and seasonal rhythms in the frequency of calls. The correlation between clinical symptoms and the number of calls points to aggrevations of diseases. The accumulated data indicate that there is a connection between the dynamics of the psychopathological processes and ecological factors which are determined by periodic fluctuation of gravitation fields. Macroscopic Fluctuations of Diffusion Coefficient and Low Frequency Noise in Electrolyte. Morozov AN Biofizika; 37 (4) p667-668 JUL-AUG 1992 *A description of electric current noise in small volumes of an electrolyte induced by macroscopic fluctuation of the diffusion coefficient is presented. It is established that the upper limit of the time constant of the correlation coefficient does not exceed the quantity of 3.10(-8) seconds. The method of increasing the exsperiments sensitivity is also discussed. On Synchronizing Influence of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems. Martynjuk VS Biofizika; 37 (4) p669-673 JUL-AUG 1992 *Time-organization of lipid peroxidation and thiol groups exchange was examined. It was shown that one-divisible 3- hours effect of the extremely low magnetic fields depending on the frequency ensured formation of definite rhythm of the investigated process. The obtained results are considered as an evidence of frequency-dependent adoption of the magnetic fields by the living systems according to the mechanism of forced synchronization of elementary cyclic processes underlain by integral oscillations. Cosmophysical Correlations in Live and Nonlive Nature as a Manifestation of Weak Effects. Dmitrievsky IM Biofizika; 37 (4) p674-680 JUL-AUG 1992 *Determination of weak effects is proposed, their relationship with cosmophysical correlations is advanced. The experimental results are presented on the intensification coefficient of weak effects (10(4)) for polarized electromagnetic radiation. The magnetoresonance mechanism of weak effects is suggested. The experimental evidence in favor of this mechanism and its application to the problems of cosmophysical correlations are given. Influence of Infralow-Frequency Magnetic Field on the Nervous Cells Rhythm and Their Tolerance to Hypoxia. Agadjanian NA; Vlasova IG Biofizika; 37 (4) p681-689 JUL-AUG 1992 *The direct effect of infralow-frequency (0,05, 0,1, 0,25 Hz, 100 nT) magnetic fields (MF) was demonstrated on the brain cellular- tissue model-surviving slices of mouse cerebellum. MF influence is a trigger for the nervous cells. MF-5 Hz revealed two-phases response: inhibition and excitation of the impulse activity of neurons. Besides that we recorded convulsive effect of MF. The experiments with simultaneous exposure of hypoxia and MF revealed a prohypoxia effect of MF, when the oxygen concentration was very low and also after reoxygenation. The surviving slices may be used as a model for studying the fine mechanisms of influence of different intensity MF on the nervous cells. Transformation of the Solar-Geomagnetic Activity Impulses on Ecological Effective Disturbances of the Radon and Aeroion Fields of the Earth. Shemyizade AE Biofizika; 37 (4) p690-699 JUL-AUG 1992 *During the periods of intensified solar and geomagnetic activities the concentration of the radioactive gas radon in the atmosphere considerably increases. Correspondingly the concentration of the airoions increases. The basis of this phenomenon mechanism lies in magnetostriction of rocks. which leads to the squeezing radon out of the pores of the rocks. Changes in the environment produce influence over the living beings. Cosmophysical Fluctuations and Human Embryo Development. Moiseeva NI Biofizika; 37 (4) p700-704 JUL-AUG 1992 *An analysis of the dependence of embryonic pathology development on geliocosmic factors is conducted and regular changes of the appearance of different kinds of pathology depending on geliocosmic situations in different months of the year are shown. Periods of conception of increasing amount of children with different disturbances of development coincide with values of the Wolf's number and sun-radiation stream density of certain ranges in comparison with the mean values, the same indexes are in conformity with the periods of conception of children having haemolytic disease and diabetic foetopathy. Geocosmic Factors in the Adaptation of Intracellular Energetics at Pathology of Pregnants and Confining Women and Children. Kachergene NB; Vernitskaite RB; Dailidene NK Biofizika; 37 (4) p705-709 JUL-AUG 1992 *It has been shown that geocosmic fluctuations, instability of the Earth magnetic field, increased concentrations of the atmosphere chemical pollutions are risk factors aggravating intrauterine and postnatal ontogenesis. Correlation of the Risk of Oncological Breast Disease and Solar Activity. Ryabykh TP; Bodrova NB Biofizika; 37 (4) p710-715 JUL- AUG 1992 *A contigent with high incidence of precancerous breast diseases (1080 persons) was studied to assess the relationship between solar activity and 1) alterations in the relationship between women with early menarhe and women with middle and late menarhe (high and low risk of breast cancer respectively) and 2) incidence of benign breast diseases. It was established that population content alterations were wave-like and had statistically significant periods 3,5; 7 and 12 years, and correlate with Wolf number changes. Incidence of benign breast diseases in the group aged 20-50 years also changed periodically (T=11 years) depending on the birth-year and correlated conversely with Wolf numbers at the birth- years. Incidence of benign breast diseases changes periodically in the population of women with early menarhe with the period of 3.6 years, and in those with middle and late menarche - with the periods of 10.5, 3.2 and 4 years. There is a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of benign breast diseases and Wolf numbers in population of women with middle and late menarhe. Relationship Between the Interplanetary Magnetic Sector Structure and the Hematologic Indexes in the Norm and at Tumoral Process. Ryabykh TP; Mansurova LG Biofizika; 37 (4) p716-719 JUL-AUG 1992 *Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector polarity was compared to hematologic indexes of normal mice and mice after single injection of carcinogen 1,2- Dimethylhydrazine. It has been established that the hemoglobin level and the number of leucocytes in the standard blood volume depend on IMF sector polarity, both indexes are higher at +IMF, than at -IMF. Mice injected with carcinogen have mainly higher hemoglobin level at +IMF and mainly lower one at -IMF than the control mice. Modulation of Energy Exchange in Lymphocytes of the Child by Natural Physical Factors. Petrichuk SV; Gaytinova AA; Shishenko VM; Narcissov RP Biofizika; 37 (4) p720-728 JUL- AUG 1992 *The aim of this work is exploration of natural physical factors influencing change of age- dependent energy exchange parameters (e. g. activity of SDG) in healthy and premature children. 35 healthy and 35 premature children were investigated over 11 years from early antenatal and postnatal period. Cytochemical investigations were carried out 1-2 time a year until 6 years of age. Solar activity, geomagnetic excitability, air temperature and atmospheric pressure and its diurnal variation on index represented environmental factors. It is suggested that quiet magnetic field might be a predictor of higher level of SDG activity and vice versa. Higher activity of magnetic field leads to displacement of maximum-age of SDG activity to an earlier age. Lymphocytes react to magnetic storm in a phasic manner. Other physical environmental factors might have reciprocal effect so that some of them could negate the effect of others. If intrauterine development took place in a year of higher solar activity, early- development results. However, later development is characterized by lower level of SDG activity. On premature children, as well as in healthy subjects, the more influencing factors on energetic age-dependent parameters are geomagnetic field and variation of atmospheric SDG activity in healthy children is within normal range (and has a training effect), while in premature children depression of hydrogenase in the end stage. On Possible Effect of the Gravitation Field Parameters on Indices of the Brain Functional Asymmetry. Volchek OD Biofizika; 37 (4) p729-732 JUL-AUG 1992 *Correlation of the brain functional asymmetry (BFA) in 2400 humans born in 1930-1984 and numbers of the joining of planets, moon and the Sun was investigated in corresponding years of conception and birth. A significant correlation with BFA was found in men, while there was no such correlation in women. Influence of Geomagnetic Field Fluctuations and Its Screening on Early Phases of Higher Plant Germination. Govorun RD; Danilov VI; Fomicheva VM; Beljavskaja NA; Zinchenko SY Biofizika; 37 (4) p738-744 JUL-AUG 1992 *Seeds sprouting of pea, lentil and flax and growth of their sprouts were investigated (spring- summer period of 1985-1988) under the conditions of geomagnetic field and its screening in 10(-5)-10(-6) times using the installation <> (MS) designed in JINR. It was shown that seeds sprouting and sprouts growth remained under MS. Dominating effects of MS were a delay of seeds sprouting (67% of experiments) and inhibition of sprout growth (79% of experiments). A connection between the geomagnetic fluctuations and sprouts growth was noted. It has been shown experimentally that more rapid growth of sprouts under the conditions of the geomagnetic field occurs when the level of absorbed electromagnetic energy W(EM) exceeds the minimal value which equals (determined up to additive constant) less-than-or- equal-to 13-14 nT2/day. Proliferative Activity and Cell Reproduction in Meristems of Root Seedlings of Pea, Flax and Lentil Under Conditions of Screening of the Geomagnetic Field. Fomicheva VM; Govorun RD; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p745-749 JUL-AUG 1992 *The proliferative activity and cell reproduction in meristems of root seedlings of pea, flax and lentil have been investigated under conditions of the geomagnetic field (GMF) by about 10(5)- 10(6) times. Reduction of the proliferative pool to the level of 68-75% to cells has been observed, whereas under GMF conditions it was 90-96%. The lengthening of the total cell reproductive cycle was registered at the G1-period expanse for all the examined plants and also the G2-period for lentil and especially for flax, as the lengths of other periods of the cell cycle were standard. It has been shown that the proliferative activity of generative tissues was that of a sensor giving evidence about the GMF significance for normal development of plants. Dynamics of RNA and Protein Synthesis in Cells of Root Meristem of Pea, Flax and Lentil Under Conditions of Screening of the Geomagnetic Field. Fomicheva VM; Zaslavsky VA; Govorun RD; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p750-758 JUL-AUG 1992 *The dynamics of RNA and protein synthesis in cells of root meristems of pea, flax and lentil was investigated under conditions of the geomagnetic field (GMF) and its screening in about 10(5)-10(6) times. Reduction of the functional genome activity of all the examined plants was shown under GMF screening in the early prereplicative period. Dynamics of RNA and protein synthesis in the corresponding plants was similar under both conditions, but the stages of their reduction and increase under GMF screening came 3-9 hours later. The causes of observed changes under GMF screening and the role of GMF in normal activity of plants were discussed. Structure-Functional Organization of Meristem Cells of Pea, Flax and Lentil Roots Under Conditions of the Geomagnetic Field Screening. Beljavskaja NA; Fomicheva VN; Govorun RD; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p759-768 JUL-AUG 1992 *A series of special features of cells in meristems of root seedlings of pea, flax and lentil under the conditions of the geomagnetic field (GMF) screening has been revealed with electronic microscopic methods. At the same time in comparison with the seedlings that were under the natural GMF fluctuations, the exchanges in different cell structures have been found that were the most significant in mitochondria. Several components of lytic compartment and presence of a large number of lipid drops have been found, that were most pronounced in pea. The general cell reaction in meristems of seedlings of the examined plants has been found with electronic cytochemical investigations: the appearance of free and weakly connected calcium in gialoplazma that was absent practically in the plants under GMF conditions. The intensity of its display increases in range of plants: flax, pea, lentil. The results of investigations testify great significance of GMF in plants life as one of the factors which determine metabolism in cells. On the Problem Concerning Reproducibility of Magnetobiological Experiments. Sapogov AS Biofizika; 37 (4) p769-771 JUL-AUG 1992 *Ability of the geomagnetic field to influence the effects of reproducibility in magnetobiological investigations with the use of unnatural magnetic fields has been shown. during experiments with seeds of oats and wheat. Synchronization of Biosynthesis Activity of Microbial Producers Under Cosmogeophysical Rhythms. Kuznetsov AE Biofizika; 37 (4) p772-784 JUL-AUG 1992 *The results of laboratory experiments with synchronous yeast cells Candida utilis were given. An external rhythm influence on the yeast cells growth in a batch cultivation system was established. The results of statistical processing of the experimental data showed the presence of statistically significant 160.009+/-0.006 min oscillations in variability of the specific growth rate of the yeasts population. This fact testifies in favour of the 160.01 min Sun global oscillations effect on C. utilis growth. Some results of industrial fermentation productions using microorganisms and plant cell culture were analysed. A time series analysis of about 100000 data showed the presence of periodicities in the interval 6-300 d mainly similar to the values n/m.T(i), (where n, m = 1, 2, ...- shot integer numbers. T(i) - one of the values 27.3d, 29.5d, 23d, 28d, 33d). These numbers are equal to the known cosmophysical (27.3, 29.5) or hypothetical physical, emotional and intellectual rhythms. A possibility of principle forecast for fermentation results under standard conditions based on preceding data was shown. Indices of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity. Dubov EE; Khromova TP Biofizika; 37 (4) p785- 804 JUL-AUG 1992 *The most widely used indices of solar and geomagnetic activity are described. Planets, Sun and Biosphere. Gorshkov MM Biofizika; 37 (4) p805- 816 JUL-AUG 1992 *Possibility of indirect effects of planets on the processes in the biosphere owing to gravitational influence on the solar activity variability is discussed. After general formulation of the problem in the planetary theory of the solar activity the fact is marked that until the present time only most simple ways were used: 1) search of the planetary periods in time series of the solar activity observations; 2) determination of correlations between the solar activity and configurations of planets; 3) application of the static tidal theory for the explanation of the solar activity; 4) influence of the Sun orbital motion in relation to the barycentre of the solar system; 5) some attempts to take into account the significance of the spin-orbital interaction in the Sun dynamics. Some predictions of the solar activity made on the basis of the planetary theory, criticism of this theory and trends of further investigations are discussed. The significance of the planetary theory of the solar activity for predicting processes in the biosphere is emphasized. Reaction of Rats with Various Constitutional Features to Changing Magnetic Fields of Infralow Frequency. Temurjants NA; Grabowskaja EY Biofizika; 37 (4) p817-820 JUL-AUG 1992 *The influence of 8 Hz frequency and 5 mcTl induction changing magnetic fields on the functional state of blood neutrophiles, sympathoadrenal system and brain integrative activity in rats with low, middle and high level of mobility was investigated in open test. It was found out that changing magnetic fields provoke the stress-reaction development in rats with low mobile activity. The adaptation which develops in rats with high and middle mobile activity comes later by 5-7 days in high mobility rats. Processing of Biorhythmological Data by Modified Cosinor- Analyses Method. Sviatukha VA Biofizika; 37 (4) p821-824 JUL-AUG 1992 *Modified Cosinor-Analyses method used in processing of biorhythmological data is considered. Advantages of modified method and its practical results are shown. Assumption of oscillations with the periods of 4-6 hours in humans daily physiological activity is confirmed. Natural and Technogenic Electromagnetic Background and Its Effect on the Environment. Protasevich ET Biofizika; 37 (4) p825-831 JUL-AUG 1992 *Causes of the initiation of natural and technogenic electromagnetic background, its effect on the man and environment are considered. Ideas are discussed of eliminating negative consequences of the effects of electromagnetic waves of different range on the man. Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Systems. Durney CH Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p19-34 1992 Molecular and Cellular Responses to Orientation Effects in Static and Homogeneous Ultra High Magnetic Fields. Decertaines JD Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p35-43 1992 Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure from MRI/MRS Procedures - Implications for Patients (Acute Exposures) and Operational Personnel (Chronic Exposures). Prato FS; Kavaliers M; Ossenkopp KP; Carson JJL; Drost DJ; Frappier JRH Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p44-58 1992 Biological Interactions of Cellular Systems with Time- Varying Magnetic Fields. Liburdy RP Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p74-95 1992 An Overview of Electromagnetic Safety Considerations Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Kanal E Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p204-224 1992 Dosimetry and Effects of MR Exposure to RF and Switched Magnetic Fields. Schaefer DJ Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p225-236 1992 Health and Physiological Effects of Human Exposure to Whole- Body 4-Tesla Magnetic Fields During MRI. Schenck JF Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p285-301 1992 Safety of Patients with Medical Devices During Application of Magnetic Resonance Methods. Pohost GM; Blackwell GG; Shellock FG Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p302-312 1992 Comparison of the Effect of ELF on c-myc Oncogene Expression in Normal and Transformed Human Cells. Czerska E; Casamento J; Ning J; Swicord M; Albarazi H; Davis C; Elson E Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p340-342 1992 Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier of the Rat Is Not Significantly Altered by NMR Exposure. Liburdy RP; Demanincor DJ; Roos MS; Brennan KM Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p345-349 1992 The Effects of a Single Intraoperative Immersion in Various Chemical Agents and Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Onlay Bone Grafts to the Facial Skeleton. Ning JT; Wornom IL Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p350-352 1992 Comparison of the Effect of ELF on Total RNA Content in Normal and Transformed Human Cells. Ning J; Casamento J; Czerska E; Swicord M; Albarazi H; Davis C; Elson E Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p353- 355 1992 Increased Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier Induced by Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields. Persson BRR; Salford LG; Brun A; Eberhardt JL; Malmgren L Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p356-358 1992 The 1st Direct Observation of Magnetic Field Effects on the Dynamic Behavior of Radical Pairs Involving Group 14 Silicon and Germanium Centered Radicals. Wakasa M; Sakaguchi Y; Hayashi H Journal of the American Chemical Society; 114 (21) p8171-8176 OCT 7 1992 *Laser flash photolysis was performed on micellar solutions and oil emulsions of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds ((aryl)nMen-4E: E = Si or Ge) in the absence and presence of magnetic fields at room temperature. The dynamic behavior of the silyl and germyl radicals formed upon decomposition of the triplet states was directly observed. The lifetime of the radical pair of group 14 clement centered and aryl radicals and the yields of the escaped silyl and germyl radicals were observed to increase with magnetic field strength increasing from 0 to 1.35 T. Malignant Melanoma of the Skin Among Workers in a Telecommunications Industry - A Mortality Study 1976-83. Deguire L; Cyr D; Theriault G; Provencher S; Iturra H; Case BW British Journal of Industrial Medicine; 49 (10) p728-731 OCT 1992 *An incidence study of malignant melanoma of the skin (MMS), conducted previously among the workers of four plants of a large telecommunications industry located in Montreal, Canada, showed a standardised incidence ratio of 2-7 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-5.02) for the years 1976 to 1983. To describe more precisely the magnitude of the problem a mortality study was started among the same population (n = 9590) for the same period (1976-83). At the end of 1983, 9180 workers were alive, 261 were dead, and 149 (1-5%) were not traced. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes of death were surprisingly low for men (SMR = 0.57; 95% CI 0-50-0.64) and women (SMR = 0.56; 95% Cl 0.37-0.82). The SMRs for major causes of death were also less than expected. These results may be explained by a pronounced selection bias (healthy worker effect) and by the short duration of follow up (eight years). For MMS, two deaths occurred among men (SMR = 2-00; 95% Cl 0.24-7.22) and one among women (SMR = 4.81; 95% CI 0.12-26-78). A third man who died of MMS was miscoded as having a primary pulmonary melanoma. Including this case increased the SMR for MMS to 3-00 (95% CI 0.62-8.77; p = 0- 08). Polyvinyl chloride and polychlorinated biphenyls were used in the plants and some of the workers did soldering. A planned case-control study will investigate other possible exposures at work. Pulsed Static Magnetic Field Effects on Invitro Pineal Indoleamine Metabolism. Richardson BA; Yaga K; Reiter RJ; Morton DJ Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1137 (1) p59-64 OCT 6 1992 *In-vitro rat pineal glands stimulated with the beta- adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol to induce melatonin synthesis and exposed for 1 h to a pulsed 0.4-G static magnetic field demonstrated significant inhibition of serotonin-N- acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content. 2-h exposure to pulsed magnetic field also resulted in a significant reduction in isoproterenol- induced serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity. These results support the idea that the cultured pineal gland can be affected directly by artificially generated weak magnetic fields. Epidemiologic Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Cancer - A Case Study of Distortions by the Media. Jauchem JR Journal of Clinical Epidemiology; 45 (10) p1137-1142 OCT 1992 *Articles alleging hazards of electric or magnetic fields, based on epidemiologic studies, have appeared in the popular press. Some of these articles, which contain distortions of the scientific evidence, have been cited in the scientific and medical literature, thereby being given some degree of apparent legitimacy. In particular, articles appeared in 1989 in The New Yorker magazine, claiming a strong association between exposure to electric or magnetic fields and cancer. Assertions made in these articles (and a book dealing with essentially the same information) have been challenged by members of the scientific community. This paper will identify some additional misconceptions presented in two more recent articles from The New Yorker. Scientists and physicians should be aware of the deficiencies in these articles, and are encouraged to seek a more balanced view of the research performed in this area. Editorial - Weak Magnetic Fields as a Novel Therapeutic Modality in Parkinson's Disease. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (1-2) p1-15 1992 Clinical Case Report - Weak Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with the On-Off Phenomenon. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (1-2) p97-106 1992 *Application of external weak magnetic fields recently has been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of a 62- year-old patient with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) complicated by levodopa-induced fluctuations in motor response (''on-off''). I report an additional case of a 67- year-old man with idiopathic PD and levodopa-related motor fluctuations who likewise experienced marked and sustained improvement in Parkinsonian symptoms and amelioration of ''on-off'' symptoms following the application of external weak magnetic fields. Based on these observations it is concluded that artificial weak magnetic fields may be beneficial for the treatment of PD complicated by levodopa- related ''on-off'' phenomenon. Furthermore, since in experimental animals external magnetic fields alter the secretion of melatonin, which in turn has been shown to regulate striatal and mesolimbic dopamine-mediated behaviors, it is proposed that the antiParkinsonian effects of weak magnetic fields are mediated via the pineal gland. Microwave Effects on Input Resistance and Action Potential Firing of Snail Neurons. Ginsburg KS; Lin JC; Oneill WD IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 39 (10) p1011-1021 OCT 1992 *Excitable tissues have been reported to respond to weak microwave (MW) fields, possibly by nonlinear perturbation of a cellular process such as ion conduction across membranes. We sought effects of MW (continuous wave, 2.45 GHz, specific absorption rates 12.5 or 125 mW/g) on input resistances and action potential (AP) intervals of neurons in ganglia of snails (Helix aspersa), at 20.9 +/- 0.1- degrees-C. At 12.5 mW/g, input resistance did not change during irradiation, but increased (p < 0.05) afterward. At 125 mW/g, input resistance during irradiation was lower than in unirradiated controls. Serial correlograms changed marginally more frequently in MW experiments than in controls, but the changes had no consistent pattern. The AP firing rate was affected by MW, but the direction was not consistent across cells. When AP generation was modeled as being due to a neuronal input current, MW did not affect its mean, standard deviation, or autocorrelation. Unlike MW, temperature changes caused neurons to respond robustly and reversibly. Threshold for changing input resistance was 0.63-degrees-C. The data suggest that MW may enhance degenerative effects such as metabolic rundown or loss of ion channel patency, but do not indicate a specific mechanism for MW interaction with neurons. Electromagnetic Field Effects on Cells of the Immune System - The Role of Calcium Signaling. Walleczek J FASEB Journal; 6 (13) p3177-3185 OCT 1992 *During the past decade considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that nonthermal exposures of cells of the immune system to extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (< 300 Hz) can elicit cellular changes that might be relevant to in vivo immune activity. A similar responsiveness to nonionizing electromagnetic energy in this frequency range has also been documented for tissues of the neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about the underlying biological mechanisms by which such fields can induce cellular changes is still very limited. It is generally believed that the cell membrane and Ca2+- regulated activity is involved in bioactive ELF field coupling to living systems. This article begins with a short review of the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of nonthermal levels of ELF electromagnetic fields on the biochemistry and activity of immune cells and then closely examines new results that suggest a role for Ca2+ in the induction of these cellular field effects. Based on these findings it is proposed that membrane- mediated Ca2+ signaling processes are involved in the mediation of field effects on the immune system. Pulsed Electric Current Enhances the Phorbol Ester Induced Oxidative Burst in Human Neutrophils. Bobanovic F; Simcic S; Kotnik V; Vodovnik L FEBS Letters; 311 (2) p95-98 OCT 19 1992 *Oxidative burst (OB) response in human neutrophils, measured with chemiluminescence (CL), has been used to determine whether pulsed electric current (PEC) might induce a functional response in these electrically nonexcitable cells, and also whether it might modify cellular response to tumor-promoting phorbol ester (PMA). Five minutes of PEC treatment caused no significant changes in neutrophil CL levels in HBSS (1.2 mM Ca2+ concentration) as well as in HBSS-EGTA, where the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was reduced to less than 30 nM. The CL level of PMA-activated neutrophils in HBSS was 52% higher than in HBSS- EGTA. In HBSS the CL level, after the combined PMA and PEC treatment, was 53% higher than in PMA-alone-treated neutrophils. Activation of the OB in HBSS-EGTA with PMA and PEC was 13% higher than in solely PMA treated neutrophils. The results suggest that in neutrophil OB response, the PEC effect is closely related with cellular calcium mobilization, since depletion of extracellular Ca2+ decreased the PEC effect. Magnetic Fields in the Therapy of Parkinsonism. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (3-4) p209-235 1992 *In a recent Editorial published in this Journal, I presented a new and revolutionary method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). I reported that extracranial treatment with picoTesla magnetic fields (MF) is a highly effective, safe, and revolutionary modality in the symptomatic management of PD. My conclusion was based on experience gained following the successful treatment of over 20 Parkinsonian patients, two of whom had levodopa- induced dyskinesias. None of the patients developed side effects during a several month period of follow- up. In the present communication, I present two reports. The first concerns four Parkinsonian patients in whom picoTesla MF produced a remarkable and sustained improvement in disability. Three of the patients had idiopathic PD and the fourth patient developed a Parkinsonian syndrome following an anoxic episode. In all patients, treatment with MF was applied as an adjunct to antiParkinsonian medication. The improvement noted in these patients attests to the efficacy of picoTesla MF as an additional, noninvasive modality in the therapy of the disease. The second report concerns two demented Parkinsonian patients in whom treatment with picoTesla MF rapidly reversed visuospatial impairment as demonstrated by the Clock Drawing Test. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the efficacy of these MF in the amelioration of cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Since Alzheimer's pathology frequently coexists with the dementia of Parkinsonism, these observations underscore the potential efficacy of picoTesla MF in the treatment of dementias of various etiologies. Successful Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Magnetic Fields. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (3-4) p237-250 1992 *The present communication concerns a 50 year-old woman with a 15 year history of chronic- progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in whom extracranial application of picoTesla magnetic fields (MF) produced a dramatic and sustained improvement in disability. In contrast, administration of melatonin (3 mg, P.O.) produced in this patient a rapid exacerbation of disability which was reversed subsequently by treatment with MF. It is hypothesized that the therapeutic effects of picoTesla MF involve the mediation of the pineal gland which is known to act as a magnetosensor. The report demonstrates, for the first time, the remarkable efficacy of weak MF in the symptomatic treatment of chronic-progressive MS and underscores the pivotal role of the pineal gland in the pathophysiology of MS. If confirmed by a larger cohort of patients, extracranial application of picoTesla MF may prove as an extremely efficacious, nonpharmacological modality for the treatment of MS. Effect of 60-Hz Magnetic Fields on Ultraviolet Light- Induced Mutation and Mitotic Recombination in Saccharomyces- Cerevisiae. Ager DD; Radul JA Mutation Research; 283 (4) p279-286 DEC 1992 *The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on the induction of genetic damage. In general, mutational studies involving ELF magnetic fields have proven negative. However, studies examining sister- chromatid exchange and chromosome aberrations have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we have examined whether 60- Hz magnetic fields are capable of inducing mutation or mitotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition we determined whether magnetic fields were capable of altering the genetic response of S. cerevisiae to UV (254 nm). We measured the frequencies of induced mutation, gene conversion and reciprocal mitotic crossing-over for exposures to magnetic fields alone (1 mT) or in combination with various UV exposures (2-50 J/m2). These experiments were performed using a repair-proficient strain (RAD+), as well as a strain of yeast (rad3) which is incapable of excising UV-induced thymine dimers. Magnetic field exposures did not induce mutation, gene conversion or reciprocal mitotic crossing-over in either of these strains, nor did the fields influence the frequencies of UV-induced genetic events. Rapid Structural Changes in Nerve Fibers Evoked by Electric Current Pulses. Tasaki I; Byrne PM Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; 188 (2) p559-564 OCT 30 1992 D600, a Ca2+ Antagonist, Prevents Stimulation of Nerve Regeneration by Magnetic Fields. Rusovan A; Kanje M Neuroreport; 3 (9) p813-814 SEP 1992 *WE have found that regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve is stimulated if the rats are exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field. In this study we investigated the effect of a Ca2+ antagonist, methoxyverapamil (D600) on this response. D600 was administered to the regenerating segment of the nerve via implanted osmotic minipumps. Magnetic field exposure increased regeneration distances in vehicle perfused nerves. This enhancement was blocked by perfusion with D600 at a concentration which alone failed to affect outgrowth of nerve fibres, lending support to the idea that Ca2+ fluxes could be involved in mediating the biological actions of magnetic fields. An Overview of the Effects of Convergent Magnetic Ionizing Radiation on Biological Function. Power S Medical Hypotheses; 39 (2) p175-181 OCT 1992 *This paper provides new theoretical premises for understanding issues in 'biopelectromagnetics'. It firstly explains how converging magnetic fields, e.g. dipoles, can exert pressure on electrolyte distribution in an aqueous medium, and then it expands on this point to explain how this magnetic pressure is, in one extreme, a potential cancer causing force in the environment, and is, in another sense, a powerful new technique in cancer treatment. Included in this examination is a short analysis of the importance of this force in the morphogenesis of the fetus, and in the control of chromatic expression after the fact. Effect of Chronic Exposure to a Magnetic Field on 2 Forms of Murine Aggression. Almaliki SJ; Alrawi F Behavioural Processes; 27 (3) p171-178 OCT 1992 *The effect of continuous exposure to a relatively strong magnetic field for about 3-4 weeks were evaluated on social (inter-male) aggression in isolated males and on maternal attack by lactating female mice. This study revealed that exposure to intense fields produced a significant reduction in social and maternal aggression towards anosmic (passive) standard opponent intruders. The detailed ethologically-assessed results indicate that such exposure produces a significant decline in most behavioural categories recorded throughout this study in isolated male and lactating female mice. Defensive behaviour, however, seemed enhanced in lactating mice. These results may be explained in terms of the magnetic fields interfering with the function of the central nervous system or the physiological substrates which control such types of behaviour. Evidence That Fin Whales Respond to the Geomagnetic Field During Migration. Walker MM; Kirschvink JL; Ahmed G; Dizon AE Journal of Experimental Biology; 171 p67-78 OCT 1992 *We challenge the hypothesis that fin whales use a magnetic sense to guide migration by testing for associations between geophysical parameters and the positions where fin whales were observed over the continental shelf off the northeastern United States. Monte Carlo simulations estimated the probability that the distribution of fin whale sightings was random with respect to bottom depth, bottom slope and the intensity and gradient of the geomagnetic field. The simulations demonstrated no overall association of sighting positions with any of these four geophysical parameters. Analysis of the data by season, however, demonstrated statistically reliable associations of sighting positions with areas of low geomagnetic intensity and gradient in winter and fall, respectively, but no association of sighting positions with bathymetric parameters in any season. An attempt to focus on migrating animals by excluding those observed feeding confirmed the associations of sighting positions with low geomagnetic intensity and gradient in winter and fall, respectively, and revealed additional associations with low geomagnetic gradients in winter and spring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that fin whales, and perhaps other mysticete species, possess a magnetic sense that they use to guide migration. Magnetic Compass Orientation Is Eliminated Under Near- Infrared Light in the Eastern Red- Spotted Newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Phillips JB; Borland SC Animal Behaviour; 44 (4) p796-797 OCT 1992 Radioactive Decay as a Source of a Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field. Markov GP; Stanko VI Biofizika; 37 (5) p999-1001 SEP-OCT 1992 *It has been found for the first time that radioactive decay is a source of the low-frequency electromagnetic field. Radioactive decay Co-57 with the activity 10 mki taken as an example, an electromagnetic signal was discovered within the range 25-40 Hz. Electrochemical Treatment of Cancer and Induction of Cancer. Nordenstrom BEW Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p73-75 1992; Electrochemical Treatment of Cancer and Induction of Cancer - Reply. Becker RO Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p77-83 1992 The Effect of Microwave Radiation on Binding of Propyl-2,3- -Dehydroalprenolol to beta-Adrenergic Receptors of Rat Erythrocyte Membranes. Leonteva GA; Kim YA; Fomenko BS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p85-89 1992 *The effect of microwave radiation (2450 MHz) on binding of the ligand propyl-2,3-[H-3]- dehydroalprenolol to beta- adrenergic receptors of rat erythrocyte membranes has been studied. It is shown that microwave exposure decreases specific binding of the ligand to receptors. The effect is dependent on time of exposure (66.2% on 10 min exposure and 37.3% on 30 min exposure). EDTA and heparin used as anticoagulants do not significantly alter the experimental results. However, the Ca2+ content in the incubation medium is essential for the effect. Exposure of erythrocytes isolated in the presence of EDTA and incubated in Hanks' solution without Ca2+ has no effect on binding. The effect is manifest when Ca2+ is added to the specimen exposed. Possible mechanisms of action of microwaves on the studied parameter are discussed. Effects of a Static Magnetic Field on Hemodynamics During Administration of a Cell Membrane Calcium Channel Blocking Agent. Gmitrov J; Gmitrova A Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p91-95 1992 *We investigated the influence of a 0.2 T static magnetic field (SMF) on the carotid sinus region in rabbits during infusion of a cell membrane calcium channel blocking agent (verapamil). The experiments were carried out under pentobarbital anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were also monitored. Contrary to our earlier studies without verapamil (1-4), the SMF had no significant effect on blood pressure and heart rate during verapamil infusion. Changes in calcium membrane channel transport might be participants in SMF effects on sinocarotid baroreceptors. Chromosome DNA as a Target of Resonant Interaction Between Escherichia-coli Cells and Low Intensity Millimeter Waves. Belyaev IY; Alipov YD; Shcheglov VS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p97-108 1992 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was used to study the influence of nonthermal microwaves on the genome conformational state (GCS) of Escherichia coli cells. 20- Gy X-rayed cells were exposed to circularly polarized microwaves at seven frequencies of the 51.62- 51.84 GHz band in which linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) resonantly inhibits repair of X-ray- induced changes in the GCS. At all the frequencies that were studied, right-handed-polarized microwaves effectively influenced the GCS of X-rayed cells, whereas left- handed polarization was virtually ineffective. And conversely, right-handed polarization was ineffective and the left-handed polarized EMR effectively influenced the GCS when intact cells were exposed to microwaves. The two resonance dependences of millimeter waves' effect on the GCS of E. coli cells (both preliminarily irradiated and unirradiated by X- rays) had the same resonance frequency of 51.76 GHz, and a half-width of the resonance of about 100 MHz. Relative efficiency of circularly polarized components of EMR at this resonance frequency was studied, depending on the dose of radiation applied to the cells. It was shown that the effects of left- and right-handed EMRs become the same at 50 cGy. This dose is too small to damage any cellular structures except DNA. It was estimated that the dose induces about one single-strand DNA break per genome of the bacterial cell. Seen from the standpoint of the previously suggested physical model, the results suggest that the target of resonant interaction between E. coli cells and millimeter waves appears to be chromosomal DNA. Chromosome DNA as a Target of Resonant Interaction Between Escherichia-coli Cells and Low Intensity Millimeter Waves. Belyaev IY; Alipov YD; Shcheglov VS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p97-108 1992 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was used to study the influence of nonthermal microwaves on the genome conformational state (GCS) of Escherichia coli cells. 20- Gy X-rayed cells were exposed to circularly polarized microwaves at seven frequencies of the 51.62- 51.84 GHz band in which linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) resonantly inhibits repair of X-ray- induced changes in the GCS. At all the frequencies that were studied, right-handed-polarized microwaves effectively influenced the GCS of X-rayed cells, whereas left- handed polarization was virtually ineffective. And conversely, right-handed polarization was ineffective and the left-handed polarized EMR effectively influenced the GCS when intact cells were exposed to microwaves. The two resonance dependences of millimeter waves' effect on the GCS of E. coli cells (both preliminarily irradiated and unirradiated by X- rays) had the same resonance frequency of 51.76 GHz, and a half-width of the resonance of about 100 MHz. Relative efficiency of circularly polarized components of EMR at this resonance frequency was studied, depending on the dose of radiation applied to the cells. It was shown that the effects of left- and right-handed EMRs become the same at 50 cGy. This dose is too small to damage any cellular structures except DNA. It was estimated that the dose induces about one single-strand DNA break per genome of the bacterial cell. Seen from the standpoint of the previously suggested physical model, the results suggest that the target of resonant interaction between E. coli cells and millimeter waves appears to be chromosomal DNA. Local Treatment of Murine Tumors by Electric Direct Current. Miklavcic D; Vodovnik L; Bobanovic F; Rebersek S; Sersa G; Novakovic S; Golouh R Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p109- 125 1992 *Low-level direct current (0.2-1.8 mA) was demonstrated to be an antitumor agent on two different murine tumor models (fibrosarcoma Sa-1 and melanoma B-16), and has been suggested for regional cancer treatment. Its antitumor effect was achieved by introduction of single or multiple- array needle electrodes (Pt- Ir alloy) in the tumor and (an)other electrode(s) subcutaneously in its vicinity. The electrode inserted in the tumor was made anodic (anodic electrotherapy, ET) or cathodic (cathodic ET). In control groups, animals were subjected to exactly the same procedures with needle electrodes inserted at usual sites without current. In single-stimulus ET performed after the tumors have reached approximately 50 mm3 in volume with 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 mA for 30, 60, and 90 min, cathodic ET exhibited better antitumor effect than anodic ET. In both cases and at all ET durations, the antitumor effect depended proportionally on the current level applied. The antitumor effect was evaluated by following tumor growth and by microscopic estimation of the necrotization of the tumor area immediately after ET, and 24, 48, and 72 h posttreatment. Necrotization produced by cathodic ET was observed to be immediate and extensive whereas anodic ET resulted in increased necrotization only at 24 h posttreatment. In both cases the extent of necrosis was significantly higher than in control and was centrally located (site of electrode), whereas in controls it was sporadic, distributed randomly over the whole tumor area. When current was delivered via multiple-array electrode ET, the antitumor effect was slightly better in cathodic ET compared to single-electrode ET. Employing cathodic multiple-array electrode ET and using higher currents, i.e., 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 mA in melanoma B-16, 20% and 40% cures were achieved by 1.4 and 1.8 mA single-shot ET of 1 h duration, respectively, whereas in fibrosarcoma Sa-1 no cures were accomplished. In general, different susceptibility of the two tumor models to ET was noticeable. Comparing tumor growth and necrotization after the application of direct current (0.6 mA) and alternating current (0.0 mA mean, 0.6 mA RMS), it appeared that alternating current had no impact either on necrotization of tumor tissue or on tumor growth. ET was performed on normal tissues as well. In subcutaneous tissue, thigh muscle, and liver of healthy mice immediately after 1 h of treatment using 0.6 mA in both cathodic and anodic modes, local necrotization at the site of electrode insertion was evident, with signs of acute inflammation in the vicinity. In anodic ET, vacuolization around the electrode was noticed. A Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence Regarding Human Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields. Aldrich TE; Laborde D; Griffith J; Easterly C Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p127-143 1992 *There is evidence to suspect that a human health risk could exist from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). Such a risk is likely to be very small and thus elusive to measure. This paper aims to evaluate the magnitude and manner of the potential human cancer risk associated with EMF exposure using the published literature. To accomplish this objective, a meta- analysis was performed with the published literature through 1991. Two conventional, summary techniques were used: geometric means and sample size weighing (Mantel- Haenszel). The summary risk estimates using these methods for cancer risk from EMF exposure are 1.6 and 2.0, respectively. Epidemiological studies are currently underway to address the EMF question and to measure EMF exposure more specifically. Until these studies are published and their results can be integrated into appropriate safety procedures, minimizing public health exposures is a prudent course. Electromagnetic Stimulation of Buds of Castanea-sativa, Mill in Tissue Culture. Ruzic R; Jerman I; Jeglic A; Fefer D Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p145-153 1992 *Buds of chestnut (Castanea sativa, Mill.) were grown on modified Heller's solid material medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/mL 6- benzyl-aminopurine (BAP). They were divided monthly and used for experiments with homogeneous sinusoidal magnetic fields of 5.9, 3.2, and 1.2 mT for 1 h/day, 6 days a week, for 28 weeks. The results are season-dependent; bud growth was significantly enhanced over controls in early summer (50% at 5.0 mT, 64% at 3.2 mT, and 62% at 1.2 mT). In late summer and fall, growth was inhibited slightly. In early winter, it was stimulated again. We also measured significant effects 1 month after cessation of stimulation. The Lack of an Effect of Applied dc Electric Fields on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in the Guinea Pig. Mcginnis ME; Murphy DJ Neuroscience; 51 (1) p231-244 NOV 1992 *This study was undertaken to provide evidence of' enhanced regeneration of mammalian peripheral nerves in response to applied d.c. electric fields. Peroneal nerves of adult guinea- pigs were crushed or transected and anastomosed. Constant current d.c. stimulators (20 muA) were implanted in the flank with platinum/iridium electrodes routed to the ankles. Animals with crush lesions were tested for toe spreading ability from the 14th to the 23rd day following the lesion. Animals with transection lesions were allowed to recover for 40 days and isometric force measurements of toe abduction and foot flexion were made. Both myelinated and unmyelinated fiber densities were determined. There proved to be no difference between legs treated with an anode, a cathode, or a sham electrode as evaluated by: the time to return of the toe spreading reflex, the isometric force of either twitches or tonic contractions, the latency between stimulation and contraction, or the number or density of either myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. These negative results are at variance with other studies that have reported beneficial effects of d.c. electric fields on peripheral nerve regeneration. The stimulation and analysis techniques used in this study were well within the variety of protocols that have yielded reports of highly significant positive effects with smaller numbers of animals than used in this study. The conclusion is that either there is a subtle but highly specific and critical difference between the present protocol and others, or the other studies need to be reevaluated. In either case, it seems that the ability of applied d.c. fields to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo remains open to question. Intrinsic and Synaptically Generated Delta (1-4Hz) Rhythms in Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Neurons and Their Modulation by Light- Induced Fast (30-70Hz) Events. Nunez A; Amzica F; Steriade M Neuroscience; 51 (2) p269-284 NOV 1992 *Thalamocortical neurons of cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were recorded under urethane anesthesia. Neurons were identified by antidromic invasion from the internal capsule and by orthodromic stimulation from the optic chiasm or light stimuli. An intrinsic oscillation within the frequency of sleep delta waves (1-4 Hz) was induced by hyperpolarizing current pulses triggering a rhythmic sequence of low-threshold spikes alternating with after hyperpolarizing potentials. The increased propensity to oscillation after blockage of inputs arising in the retina indicates that afferent synaptic drives interfere with the intrinsic oscillation of lateral geniculate cells. The relatively rare occurrence of this type of oscillation in impaled neurons, as compared with extracellular recordings in the same nucleus or to intracellular recordings in other dorsal thalamic nuclei, suggests that the interplay between the two intrinsic currents generating delta oscillation is particularly critical in lateral geniculate cells. Another type of delta oscillation was characterized by excitatory postsynaptic potentials which gave rise to action potentials or to low-threshold spikes at more depolarized or hyperpolarized levels, respectively. It is suggested that this rhythm reflects synaptic coupling by intranuclear recurrent axonal collaterals. Light stimulation induced fast (30-70 Hz) excitatory events that were blocked after lidocaine injections into the eye. In all tested cells, changes in the ambient luminosity of the experimental room blocked the intrinsic as well as the synaptic oscillation within the delta frequency. In some cells, this suppressing effect was associated with depolarization and increased firing rate. These results demonstrate different types of sleep delta oscillations in visual thalamic neurons and show that they are modulated not only by brainstem regulatory systems, but also by specific drives along the visual channel. Delta Frequency (1-4 Hz) Oscillations of Perigeniculate Thalamic Neurons and Their Modulation by Light. Amzica F; Nunez A; Steriade M Neuroscience; 51 (2) p285-294 NOV 1992 *Neurons in the perigeniculate sector of the reticular thalamic nuclear complex were recorded extra- and intracellularly under deep urethane anesthesia. They were identified by burst responses to optic chiasm stimulation and depolarizing spindle oscillations in response to internal capsule stimulation. Perigeniculate neurons displayed oscillations within the frequency range of electroencephalogram delta waves (1-4 Hz). One-third of extracellularly recorded neurons discharged rhythmic (2.5- 4 Hz), high-frequency (150-200 Hz) spike bursts. This was similar to an intrinsic oscillation that was recently observed in dorsal lateral geniculate cells studied in vitro and in vivo. Other oscillating neurons displayed trains of single spikes (20-50 Hz) crowning rhythmic (2.5- 4 Hz) depolarizing envelopes that were best expressed at the ''resting'' membrane potential ( - 60 to - 65 mV). It is suggested that this oscillation reflects synaptic drives from dorsal lateral geniculate neurons. Changes in ambient room luminosity disrupted both types of delta rhythms. These data demonstrate for the first time that delta oscillations are present in the visual sector of the reticular thalamic nucleus. The results suggest that the two types of delta rhythmicity result from intrinsic and network properties of visual thalamic neurons and that perigeniculate cells may synchronize, through backward connections, the activity of dorsal lateral geniculate cells during deep stages of resting sleep. H-3-Uridine Uptake in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Azadniv M; Miller MW Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; 189 (1) p437-444 NOV 30 1992 Pulsed Magnetic Fields Stimulate Osteoblasts Activity During Bone Repair. Cane V; Botti P; Soana S European Journal of Histochemistry; 36 p33-34 1992 The Measurement of Extremely Low Environmental Frequencies. Plagenhoef S Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews; 16 (4) p473- 480 WIN 1992 *A magnetic sensing device, capable of recording frequencies in the extremely low range of near zero to 20 Hertz, was placed in a shielded room designed to reduce interference from ambient magnetic fields. Frequencies and intensities are presented on selected man-made magnetic fields that may effect the body. The effects of various frequencies emitted on human tissue are unknown, but the equipment and method for measuring extremely low frequencies sets the stage for determining body reactions to dominant frequencies that may entrain a person away from the earth's frequency of 7.83 Hertz. The most dominant frequency on 20 commonly used items is presented, including modalities used for treatment by doctors. In addition, the magnetic and electrical radiation levels are given using a hand-held meter designed for 50 to 60 Hertz. Future research using the new magnetic sensors, which can detect frequencies down to 100 nanogauss, will be used to measure the magnetic field of the human body. Polarized Debate - EMFs and Cancer. Stone R Science; 258 (5089) p1724-1725 DEC 11 1992 EMF Research. Adair RK Science; 258 (5090) p1868-1869 DEC 18 1992 - Response. Florig HK Science; 258 (5090) p1869 DEC 18 1992 Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Interaction with Cellular Systems. Grundler W; Kaiser F; Keilmann F; Walleczek J Naturwissenschaften; 79 (12) p551-559 DEC 1992 *The question of how electromagnetic fields - static or low to high frequency - interact with biological systems is of great interest. The current discussion among biologists, chemists, and physicists emphasizes aspects of experimental verification and of defining microscopic and macroscopic mechanisms. Both aspects are reviewed here. We emphasize that in certain situations nonthermal interactions of electromagnetic fields occur with cellular systems. Magnetic Fields of Video Display Terminals and Spontaneous Abortion. Lindbohm ML; Hietanen M; Kyyronen P; Sallmen M; Vonnandelstadh P; Taskinen H; Pekkarinen M; Ylikoski M; Hemminki K American Journal of Epidemiology; 136 (9) p1041-1051 NOV 1 1992 *The aim of this study was to examine whether work with a video display terminal and exposure to the magnetic fields of video display terminals are related to spontaneous abortion. The study was conducted among women employed as bank clerks and clerical workers in three companies in Finland. The cases (1 91 spontaneous abortions) and controls (394 births) were identified from Finnish medical registers for the years 1975-1985. Use of video display terminals was defined using the workers' own reports and information provided by the companies. The assessment of exposure to the magnetic fields was based on measurements of the fields of video display terminals. The odds ratio for spontaneous abortion for working with video display terminals was not increased (odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.7- 1.6). However, the odds ratio for workers who had used a video display terminal with a high level of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (>0.9 muT) was 3.4 (95% confidence interval 1.4- 8.6) compared with workers using a terminal with a low level of these magnetic fields (<0.4 muT). Adjustment for ergonomic factors and mental work load factors changed the odds ratio for magnetic field exposure only very slightly. The findings suggest the need for future studies with assessment of exposure to the magnetic fields in the actual working environment to confirm the possible risk. Exposure to Electric and Magnetic (EM) Fields Increases Transcripts in HL-60 Cells - Does Adaptation to EM Fields Occur. Goodman R; Wei LX; Bumann J; Shirleyhenderson A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 29 (2) p185-192 DEC 1992 *Increased levels of c-myc and histone H2B transcripts are detectable after 4 min of exposure of cells to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field (80 muT). When cells are continuously exposed to the same field, transcript levels for both c-myc and histone H2B remain significantly elevated over control values for at least 2 h, but return to control levels by 4 h. In cells exposed for 20 min, and then removed from the EM field for time periods up to 4 h, a similar pattern of transcript levels was observed. Results from the two sets of exposure conditions show that the responsive time period in the cell following exposure to continuous 60 Hz sine waves is rapid and that neither longer exposures nor removal from the signal significantly affects the pattern or duration of the response. Early History of Bioelectromagnetics. Schwan HP Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p453-467 1992 *The early history of bioelectromagnetics is reviewed as I experienced it. The period of time chosen extends from my joining the Institute for Physical Foundations of Medicine in Frankfurt in 1937 to the early 1970s, when I retired from the chair of my department at the University of Pennsylvania. Several themes emerge from these recollections. First, clinical and biological work led almost immediately to a heated controversy about the role of athermal vs. thermal effects; this issue has never been settled to the satisfaction of most. Second, good quantitative work on electrical properties and dosimetry began early, well before World War II; its impact on future developments was significant. Long-Term, Low-Level Microwave Irradiation of Rats. Chou CK; Guy AW; Kunz LL; Johnson RB; Crowley JJ; Krupp JH Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p469-496 1992 *Our goal was to investigate effects of long-term exposure to pulsed microwave radiation. The major emphasis was to expose a large sample of experimental animals throughout their lifetimes and to monitor them for effects on general health and longevity. An exposure facility was developed that enabled 200 rats to be maintained under specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions while housed individually in circularly- polarized waveguides. The exposure facility consisted of two rooms, each containing 50 active waveguides and 50 waveguides for sham (control) exposures. The experimental rats were exposed to 2,450-MHz pulsed microwaves at 800 pps with a 10-mus pulse width. The pulsed microwaves were square-wave modulated at 8- Hz. Whole body calorimetry, thermographic analysis, and power-meter analysis indicated that microwaves delivered at 0.144 W to each exposure waveguide resulted in an average specific absorption rate (SAR) that ranged from 0.4 W/kg for a 200-g rat to 0. 15 W/kg for an 800-g rat. Two hundred male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned in equal numbers to radiation- exposure and sham-exposure conditions. Exposure began at 8 weeks of age and continued daily, 21.5 h/day, for 25 months. Animals were bled at regular intervals and blood samples were analyzed for serum chemistries, hematological values, protein electrophoretic patterns, thyroxine, and plasma corticosterone levels. In addition to daily measures of body mass, food and water consumption by all animals, O2 consumption and CO2 production were periodically measured in a sub-sample (N=18) of each group. Activity was assessed in an open-field apparatus at regular intervals throughout the study. After 13 months, 10 rats from each group were euthanatized to test for immunological competence and to permit whole-body analysis, as well as gross and histopathological examinations. At the end of 25 months, the survivors (11 sham-exposed and 12 radiation- exposed rats) were euthanatized for similar analyses. The other 157 animals were examined histopathologically when they died spontaneously or were terminated in extremis. Statistical analyses by parametric and non-parametric tests of 155 parameters were negative overall for effects on general health, longevity, cause of death, or lesions associated with aging and benign neoplasia. Positive findings of effects on corticosterone level and immune system at 13 months exposure were not confirmed in a follow-up study of 20 exposed and 20 control rats. Differences in O2 consumption and CO2 production were found in young rats. A statistically significant increase of primary malignancies in exposed rats vs. incidence in controls is a provocative finding, but the biological significance of this effect in the absence of truncated longevity is conjectural. The positive findings need independent experimental evaluation. Overall, the results indicate that there were no definitive biological effects in rats chronically exposed to RF radiation at 2,450 MHz. Research on the Neurological Effects of Nonionizing Radiation at the University of Washington. Lai H Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p513-526 1992 *This paper reviews research on neurological effects of low- level microwave irradiation, which was performed at the University of Washington, during the decade of the 1980s. We studied in the rat the effects of microwave exposure on the actions of various psychoactive drugs, on the activity of cholinergic systems in the brain, and on the neural mechanisms involved. Our results indicate that endogenous opioids play an important mediating role in some of the neurological effects of microwaves, and that parameters of microwave exposure are important determinants of the outcome of the microwave effects. Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Cellular- Radio Cell-Site Antennas. Petersen RC; Testagrossa PA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p527-542 1992 *Because of a heightened public awareness of issues pertaining to the use of electromagnetic energy, concurrent with a rapid growth of the cellular telephone industry, a study was initiated to characterize the electromagnetic environment associated with typical cell- site antennas. In particular, the radio-frequency electromagnetic (RF) fields in the vicinity of several antenna towers, ranging in height from 46-82 m, were characterized by measurement. In all cases, the antennas were omnidirectional co- linear arrays. The maximal power densities considered representative of public exposure were found to be less than 100 muW/m2 (10 nW/cm2) per radio channel. Comparison of measured values with the corresponding values that were calculated from the free- space transmission formula indicated that the analytical technique is conservative (i.e., overestimates field levels). The measured and corresponding analytical values were found to be well below accepted exposure limits even when extrapolated to simultaneous and continuous operation of the maximal number of transmitters that would be expected to be installed at a cell-site. Additional measurements were made in the near field of the same antenna type in a roof-mounted configuration. At a distance of 0.7 m from the antenna, the maximal power density in the main beam was found to be less than 30 W/m2 (3 MW/cm2) when normalized to sixteen radio channels (the maximal number used on a single antenna) and less than 30 MW/M2 (3 muW/m2) at 70 m. In all cases, the effective radiated power (ERP) by each radio channel was 100 W referenced to a half-wave dipole. This paper describes the instrumentation and measurement techniques used for this study and provides a summary of the results. Electromagnetic Fields and Health - Some Thoughts About the Past and Future. Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p601-604 1992 Radar Guns. Salvatore JR Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 85 (1) p67-68 JAN 6 1993 Pulsed Magnetic Field Effects on Calcium Signaling in Lymphocytes - Dependence on Cell Status and Field Intensity. Walleczek J; Budinger TF FEBS Letters; 314 (3) p351-355 DEC 21 1992 *The effect of 3-Hz, monopolar, quasi-rectangular magnetic field pulses on Ca-45(2+) uptake in resting and mitogen- treated rat thymic lymphocytes was evaluated. A 30-min, non-thermal exposure to the pulsed magnetic field (B(peak) = 6.5 mT, E(max) = 0.69 mV/cm, J(max) = 2.6 muA/CM2) reduced Concanavalin A-induced Ca- 45(2+) uptake by 45%. It was observed that (i) the induction of the 3-Hz field response dependend on Ca2+ signal transduction activation; (ii) the response direction (stimulation or inhibition) depended on the level of lymphocyte mitogen responsiveness, and (iii) the field response magnitude increased with increasing magnetic field flux densities (B(peak) = 0, 1.6, 6.5 and 28 mT). Our results demonstrate field effects at B(max) nearly 10(4) greater than that of the average human environment for low- frequency magnetic fields and they are consistent with the independent results from other 3-Hz pulsed magnetic field studies with lymphocytes. Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on 3 Plasma Membrane- Associated Enzymes in Early Chicken Embryos. Moses GC; Martin AH Biochemistry International; 28 (4) p659-664 DEC 1992 Pineal Sensitivity to Pulsed Static Magnetic Fields Changes During the Photoperiod. Yaga K; Reiter RJ; Manchester LC; Nieves H; Sun JH; Chen LD Brain Research Bulletin; 30 (1-2) p153-156 1993 *The effect of pulsed static magnetic fields on the rat pineal melatonin synthesis was studied at different times of the photoperiod. Exposure to magnetic fields during mid- or late dark phase significantly suppressed pineal N- acetyltransferase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, as well as the melatonin content in the pineal gland. These parameters were not influenced by magnetic fields when the exposure occurred early in the dark phase or during the day. These results suggest that the responsiveness of the pineal gland to magnetic field perturbations changes throughout the photoperiod. Biophoton Emission, Stress and Disease - Introduction - Biophoton Emission, Stress and Disease. Vanwijk R Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1029-1030 DEC 1 1992 The Effect of Stress Factors on the Spontaneous Photon Emission from Microorganisms. Tilbury RN Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1030- 1041 DEC 1 1992 *The results of recent work on the photon emission from three yeasts and a bacterium is presented. Both visible region and ultraviolet photon emission is observed; however, no luminescence is observed in the absence of oxygen. The visible region emission is attributed to excited carbonyl groups and excited singlet oxygen dimers formed during the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides. Possible sources of the ultraviolet photon emission are also examined. The use of microorganisms in the study of ultraweak photon emission and its relation to oxidative, temperature and chemical stress is reviewed and the applications and (or) functions of this photon emission are also discussed. Stress-Induced Photon Emission from Perturbed Organisms. Slawinski J; Ezzahir A; Godlewski M; Kwiecinska T; Rajfur Z; Sitko D; Wierzuchowska D Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1041-1058 DEC 1 1992 *This paper reviews an ultraweak luminescent response of selected biological systems (lower and higher plants, insects and spermatozoa) to certain kinds of detrimental mechanical, temperature, chemical and photochemical stress and to lethal factors. The enhancing effect of white light and formaldehyde on the ultraweak luminescence of yeast and spermatozoa cells is described for the first time. An increase in the percentage of long wavelengths (lambda > 600 nm) with an increase in reaction time, and a significant influence of the suspending medium on the ultraweak luminescence, were observed. The vitality and motility of bull spermatozoa and the vitality of yeast cells were drastically decreased by treatment with white light, water, formaldehyde and iron-ions. Successive irradiation of intact bull spermatozoa cells with white light caused an increase in the intensity of delayed luminescence. An attempt has been undertaken to find stochastic models of non-stationary photon emission. The quasi-relaxation descending stage of non-stationary processes can be modeled as the Integrated Moving Average process IMA (0, 1, 1), and memory and transfer functions can describe the degree of perturbation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relation of the ultraweak luminescence response to perturbations of homeostasis is discussed in the framework of biochemical and physical models. Time-Resolved Luminescence of Perturbed Biosystems - Stochastic Models and Perturbation Measures. Kochel B Experientia; 48 (11- 12) p1059-1069 DEC 1 1992 *Measures of biosystem perturbation using a cybernetic approach based on stochastic models of photon emission processes are presented, and compared with classical measures. Perturbation phenomena reflected in non- stationary emission processes are represented by means of filtering theory. Nonlinear Response of Biophoton Emission to External Perturbations. Gu Q; Popp FA Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1069-1082 DEC 1 1992 *By considering an exciplex system consisting of collective molecules in interaction with both the 'pumping' fields and the biophoton fields, the two-level exciplex model and the three- level exciplex model are presented. They are useful for the investigation of the quasi-stationary behaviour of biophoton emission, and biophoton emission as a dynamic process in the presence of external perturbations. Our theoretical results predict a series of nonlinear effects, such as chaos, fractal behaviour, and non-equilibrium phase transition. These effects characterize the coherence nature of living systems. In our approaches, there are two important quantities f and x, which can be used to mark the working points of the two- level and three- level exciplex systems. All the influences of external perturbations on the exciplex systems, e.g. change of temperature, the addition of agents, exposure to light, etc., can be interpreted as shifts of the working points of the systems, leading to a diversity of nonlinear response of biophoton emission. In addition, the agreements of the theoretical results and the corresponding experimental observations on biophoton emission from biological systems in the presence of external perturbations are demonstrated. Photon Emission of Phagocytes in Relation to Stress and Disease. Lilius EM; Marnila P Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1082-1091 DEC 1 1992 *Phagocytes, the first-line cells of the body's defence mechanisms against invading pathogens, kill microorganisms by means of lysosomal degradative enzymes and highly toxic reactive oxygen intermediates. The reactive oxygen compounds are produced, in a process called the 'respiratory burst', by the NADPH oxidase complex in plasma membranes, and by myeloperoxidase in phagolysosomes after degranulation. These processes generate electronically excited states which, on relaxation, emit photons, giving rise to phagocyte chemiluminescence (CL). This paper describes the conditions for the measurement of CL, and reviews the activity of phagocytes from individuals undergoing stress or disease. The capability of phagocytes to emit photons reflects remarkably well the pathophysiological state of the host. In many cases even the magnitude of the stress, the presence of a pathogen in the body, or the activity of the disease can be estimated. Physiological changes, e.g. in the reproductive cycle, can also be predicted. Photon Emission in Tumor Biology. Vanwijk R; Vanaken JM Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1092- 1102 DEC 1 1992 *Photon emission from mammalian cells has been subject of study for many years. Growing research activity is directed on the photon emission within the field of tumor biology. These studies, applying high-sensitivity photon counting methods, have paid attention to several aspects, including photon emission from serum of tumor-bearing animals, photon emission of tumors and of isolated tumor cells. In addition, research activity is increased with respect to the photon emission induced by white light from cultured tumor cells. In this review we report on the different aspects of spontaneous and induced photon emission of tumor cells as compared to normal cells. Throughout these studies the question of a functional biological role of this spontaneous and light-induced photon emission has been raised and some different points of view will be discussed. Influence of the 10 cm Electromagnetic Field on the Indices of Conditional Reflectory Activity in Rats. Smolia AL Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 38 (4) p92-94 JUL-AUG 1992 *The formation of defensive conditional reflexes in rats exposed to 10 cm electromagnetic field of different power densities during 4-months-long experiment has been studied. Stability of conditional reflectory reactions for the whole period of exposure is shown. The after- exposure period is characterized by the prevalence or excitatory processes. Effect of Constant Magnetic Field on the Liver of Guinea Pig - Electron Microscopic Studies. Parafiniuk M; Gorczynska E; Gutsch A; Parafiniuk W Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica; 30 (3) p119 1992 *Twenty guinea pigs were exposed 1 hour daily, for 3 to 7 weeks to constant magnetic field (CMF), the induction of which was 0.005 T, and 0.3 T. Hepatocytes were examined in semithin sections with light microscope and TEM. The negative photographic plates of the TEM were analyzed and measured with densimeter. It was shown that CMF of the induction 0.005 T and 0.3 T exhibited structural changes in hepatocytes, priomarly in mitochondria. Investigation of Potential Genotoxic Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Escherichia-Coli. Chahal R; Craig DQM; Pinney RJ Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; 45 (1) p30-33 JAN 1993 *Exposure of growing cells of Escherichia coli strain AB1157 to a frequency of 1 Hz with field strengths of 1 or 3 kV m-1 did not affect spontaneous or ultraviolet light (UV)-induced mutation frequencies to rifampicin resistance. Neither did growth in the presence of charge alter the sensitivities of strains AB1157, TK702 umuC or TK501 umuC uvrB to UV. Similarly, although the resistance of strains TK702 umuC and TK501 umuC uvrB to UV was increased by the presence of plasmid pKM101, which carries DNA repair genes, pregrowth of plasmid- containing strains in electric fields did not increase UV resistance. Finally, growth in a low frequency field in the presence of sub- inhibitory concentrations of mitomycin C did not affect mitomycin C-induced mutation frequencies. It is concluded that low frequency electromagnetic fields do not increase spontaneous mutation, induce DNA repair or increase the mutagenic effects of UV or mitomycin C. Magnetic Fields Stimulate Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Hypophysectomized Rats. Rusovan A; Kanje M Neuroreport; 3 (12) p1039-1041 DEC 1992 *THE effect of a sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field, 0.4 mT on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve was studied. The sciatic nerve of intact and hypophysectomized rats was crushed and regeneration was evaluated by the pinch test and by immunocytochemical staining for neurofilaments. The animals were exposed to the magnetic field for 3-6 days, between a pair of Helmholtz coils. Hypophysectomy of the rats resulted in an impaired regeneration. However, the magnetic field exposure stimulated regeneration in both the intact and hypophysectomized animals. The results imply that the pituitary gland is not involved in magnetic field induced stimulation of nerve regeneration. Effects of Time-Dependent Electric Fields on Membrane Transport. Astumian RD Biophysical Journal; 64 (1) p7-8 JAN 1993 Dosimetry Workshop - Extremely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Rafferty CN; Phillips RD; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; p1-10 1992 *A workshop on the dosimetry of extremely-low-frequency fields was held to assess current knowledge in this field and to develop a set of recommendations for new research that meets the needs of health risk assessment, in particular, the assessment of cancer risk. The workshop was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute and was held on March 20-22, 1991, in Carmel, California. Major topics of the workshop were microdosimetry of induced electric fields, scaling of induced fields among biological systems from cells to humans, and the problem of defining a biologically effective ''dose.'' A number of research recommendations were developed, the most important of which are to (1) characterize the natural background electric and magnetic fields in tissues and near cells, (2) improve experimental exposure geometries to allow accurate characterization of induced fields in samples, (3) design experiments to distinguish between electric and magnetic field mechanisms, (4) develop standard in vitro biological systems with reproducible and well-established responses to fields, and (5) develop definition of dose with respect to fields at the primary site of interaction. Macroscopic Dosimetry of Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT Bioelectromagnetics; p11-14 1992 Experimental Macroscopic Dosimetry for Extremely-Low- Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bracken TD Bioelectromagnetics; p15-26 1992 *Environmental and laboratory exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency range (ELF) produces electrical quantities that interact directly with the exposed biological system on a scale small compared to the size of the human body but large with respect to cellular dimensions. The purpose of this paper is to describe these macroscopic electrical quantities and their characterization through measurements on living systems and experimental models. Electric field exposure results in a total induced current, surface electric fields, internal electric fields, and internal currents. Magnetic field exposure results in internal magnetic field, internal electric fields, and internal currents. Basic properties of fields and matter determine the methods by which these quantities can be measured. Quantification or dosimetry for these parameters on a macroscopic basis can be directed to the whole body, a cross section across the body, a local surface area, or a local volume. Models of varying degrees of sophistication have been used to establish spatial distributions of external fields and internal fields and currents. Numerical and Analytical Methods to Determine the Current Density Distributions Produced in Human and Rat Models by Electric and Magnetic Fields. Hart FX Bioelectromagnetics; p27-42 1992 *Some numerical and analytical methods used to estimate the internal electric fields and current densities produced within human and animal models by low-frequency electric and magnetic fields are surveyed. A major goal of such modeling is the design of laboratory experiments on cellular systems or animal models to produce a dosage comparable to that experienced by humans in a particular situation. Specific comparisons are made between the results of ellipsoidal approximations and finite- difference methods applied to irregularly- shaped, homogeneous, human and rat models for applied 60 Hz electric (10 kV/m) and magnetic (10(-4) T) fields. For scaling purposes, the induced current densities in various parts of the body are compared for rat and human models for both types of field. In addition, the current density distribution induced in rectangular culture dishes by applied magnetic fields is also described. The extension of these methods to inhomogeneous models and localized sources ma not be simple. Numerical Dosimetry at Power-Line Frequencies Using Anatomically Based Models. Gandhi OP; Chen JY Bioelectromagnetics; p43-60 1992 *We have used the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to calculate induced current densities in a 1.31-cm (nominal 1/2 in) resolution anatomically based model of the human body for exposure to purely electric, purely magnetic, and combined electric and magnetic fields at 60 Hz. This model based on anatomic sectional diagrams consists of 45,024 cubic cells of dimension 1.31 cm for which the volume-averaged tissue properties are prescribed. It is recognized that the conductivities of several tissues (skeletal muscle, bone, etc.) are highly anisotropic for power-line frequencies. This has, however, been neglected in the first instance and will be included in future calculations. Because of the quasi-static nature of coupling at the power-line frequencies, a higher quasi- static frequency f' may be used for irradiation of the model, and the internal fields E' thus calculated can be scaled back to the frequency of interest, e.g., 60 Hz. Since in the FDTD method one needs to calculate in the time domain until convergence is obtained (typically 3-4 time periods), this frequency scaling to 5-10 MHz for f' reduces the needed number of iterations by over 5 orders of magnitude. The data calculated for the induced current and its variation as a function of height are in excellent agreement with the data published in the literature. The average current densities calculated for the various sections of the body for the magnetic field component (H) are considerably smaller (by a factor of 20- 50) than those due to the vertically polarized electric field component when the ratio E/H is 377 ohms. We have also used the previously described impedance method to calculate the induced current densities for the anatomically based model of the human body for the various orientations of the time- varying magnetic fields, namely from side to side, front to back, or from top to bottom of the model, respectively. Microscopic Dosimetry of Extremely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Tenforde TS Bioelectromagnetics; p61-66 1992 Some Engineering Models for Interactions of Electric and Magnetic Fields with Biological Systems. Barnes FS Bioelectromagnetics; p67-85 1992 *The objective of this paper is to review some of the fundamental mechanisms for the interaction of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems at variable levels of field strengths and to examine several possible ways by which weak fields may influence these systems. We begin with a review of the basic equations by which electric or magnetic fields interact with biological fluids and follow it with a look at the effects of inserting a simple cell membrane. The initial starting points are the force equations on charged particles and dipoles. We examine their effects on current flow, the orientation of long-chain molecules, and the forces which can be exerted by particles of magnetite on membranes. This is followed by a very simple model for the effects of a cell membrane on the overall current distribution and a model for current flow through a membrane. Some sources of nonlinearities which might serve as mechanisms for converting weak electrical signals from one frequency to a more biologically significant frequency are described. Additionally, three models by which a biological system may extract weak signals from noise are presented. The first of these is the injection-locking of oscillating processes where the signal-to-noise ratio may be less than unity. The second is parametric amplification which allows the external signal and the biological process to be at different frequencies and where stability requirements on the external pump frequency discriminates against the noise. The third approach is to examine a computer model for a neural network which can be trained to identify a 60 Hz field at signal-to-noise ratios much less than one. The key to each of these models for possible interactions of magnetic fields with biological systems is the long-term coherence of the signal with respect to the noise. Finally, we briefly examine the possibility of using scanning force and tunneling microscopes to give a better description of the characteristics of the cell surface. Magnetite in Human Tissues - A Mechanism for the Biological Effects of Weak ELF Magnetic Fields. Kirschvink JL; Kobayashikirschvink A; Diazricci JC; Kirschvink SJ Bioelectromagnetics; p101-113 1992 *Due to the apparent lack of a biophysical mechanism, the question of whether weak, low- frequency magnetic fields are able to influence living organisms has long been one of the most controversial subjects in any field of science. However, two developments during the past decade have changed this perception dramatically, the first being the discovery that many organisms, including humans, biochemically precipitate the ferrimagnetic mineral magnetite (Fe3O4). In the magnetotactic bacteria, the geomagnetic response is based on either biogenic magnetite or greigite (Fe3S4), and reasonably good evidence exists that this is also the case in higher animals such as the honey bee. Second, the development of simple behavioral conditioning experiments for training honey bees to discriminate magnetic fields demonstrates conclusively that at least one terrestrial animal is capable of detecting earth-strength magnetic fields through a sensory process. In turn, the existence of this ability implies the presence of specialized receptors which interact at the cellular level with weak magnetic fields in a fashion exceeding thermal noise. A simple calculation shows that magnetosomes moving in response to earth-strength ELF fields are capable of opening trans-membrane ion channels, in a fashion similar to those predicted by ionic resonance models. Hence, the presence of trace levels of biogenic magnetite in virtually all human tissues examined suggests that similar biophysical processes may explain a variety of weak field ELF bioeffects. Electromagnetic Field Dosimetry - Issues Relating to Background, Noise, and Interaction Mechanisms. Weaver JC Bioelectromagnetics; p115-117 1992 Estimates for ELF Effects - Noise-Based Thresholds and the Number of Experimental Conditions Required for Empirical Searches. Weaver JC; Astumian RD Bioelectromagnetics; p119-138 1992 *Interactions between physical fields and biological systems present difficult conceptual problems. Complete biological systems, even isolated cells, are exceedingly complex. This argues against the pursuit of theoretical models, with the possible consequence that only experimental studies should be considered. In contrast, electromagnetic fields are well understood. Further, some subsystems of cells (viz. cell membranes) can be reasonably represented by physical models. This argues for the pursuit of theoretical models which quantitatively describe interactions of electromagnetic fields with that subsystem. Here we consider the hypothesis that electric fields, not magnetic fields, are the source of interactions, From this it follows that the cell membrane is a relevant subsystem, as the membrane is much more resistive than the intra- or extracellular regions. A general class of interactions is considered: electroconformational changes associated with the membrane. Expected results of such as approach include the dependence of the interaction on key parameters (e.g., cell size, field magnitude, frequency, and exposure time), constraints on threshold exposure conditions, and insight into how experiments might be designed. Further, because it is well established that strong and moderate electric fields interact significantly with cells, estimates of the extrapolated interaction for weaker fields can be sought. By employing signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio criteria, theoretical models can also be used to estimate threshold magnitudes. These estimates are particularly relevant to in vitro conditions, for which most biologically generated background fields are absent. Finally, we argue that if theoretical model predictions are unavailable to guide the selection of experimental conditions, an overwhelmingly large number of different conditions will be needed to find, establish, and characterize bioelectromagnetic effects in an empirical search. This is contrasted with well-established chemical dosimetry, which is much simpler. Because of the large number of possible electromagnetic field conditions, we also conclude that in vitro studies, rather than in vivo studies, should be emphasized in studies aimed at discovering and characterizing mechanisms for bioelectromagnetic effects. Bioelectric Background Fields and Their Implications for ELF Dosimetry. Wachtel H Bioelectromagnetics; p139-145 1992 *Electrically active cells, such as those comprising nerve, muscle, or bone, produce ELF currents not only across themselves but also in the surrounding tissue including the tight extracellular spaces between cells. An analysis based on ''cable models'' of neurons or muscle cells is herein used to estimate those extracellular (or ''pericellular'') current densities. In order to explore frequency bands the neural or muscle action potentials are represented by a Fourier series of sine wave components, The results of this analysis suggest that endogenous currents in, or near, nerve and muscle are far stronger (higher density) than currents likely induced by exogenous ELF fields- such as 1 muT, 60 Hz magnetic fields. This holds true even for ''higher harmonics'' including those at or near 60 Hz. Endogenous Ionic Currents and DC Electric Fields in Multicellular Animal Tissues. Nuccitelli R Bioelectromagnetics; p147-157 1992 *Through the use of the non-invasive vibrating probe technique for detecting extracellular ionic currents developed in 1974 [Jaffe and Nuccitelli: J Cell Biol 63: 614-628, 1974], embryonic currents have been detected in a wide range of animal systems (recently reviewed in [Nuccitelli, Noninvasive Techniques in Cell Biology. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990, pp 273- 310]. In four of these studies, the corresponding electric field has been measured within the animal tissue. Such measurements of internal electric fields are quite challenging because they involve the insertion of microelectrodes into the developing tissue along specific regions of current flow. This paper reviews the evidence for endogenous transembryonic currents and dc electric fields in animal systems and provides the range of values for such physiological fields. These data should provide a guide to the range of imposed electric field strengths that could influence normal biological functions in living organisms. Methodological Approaches to EMF Microdosimetry. Wachtel H Bioelectromagnetics; p159- 160 1992 Microelectrode Measurements of Low Frequency Electric Field Effects in Cells and Tissues. Mcleod KJ Bioelectromagnetics; p161-178 1992 *The average intensities of electric fields induced into tissue can be calculated if the morphology and conductivities of the tissue are known, and such values provide one estimate of dosage for a given field exposure level. However, the microanatomical structures of living tissue, which include gap junctions, tight junctions, highly charged cell coats, and extracellular matrices, as well as complex cell shapes, precludes a detailed characterization of the field and current distribution near the cells which are actually responding to the electric fields. This suggests that a more useful electric field dose metric may be one based on an induced physical effect on the cells. Electric fields have at least three distinct physical effects on cells: the normal plasma membrane potential will be altered; the ionic currents and ion distributions at the extracellular surface will be modified; and mechanical forces will be imposed at the cell surface. Each of these effects can, in principle, be measured through the application of specific microelectrode techniques. Here, the feasibility of using various intracellular and extracellular recording methods to obtain dosimetric values, as well as the contribution these measurements could make to our understanding of electric field interactions with biological tissue, are discussed. Voltage-Sensitive Dyes - Measurement of Membrane Potentials Induced by DC and AC Electric Fields. Loew LM Bioelectromagnetics; p179-189 1992 *Dye indicators of membrane potential have been available for the past 15 years and have been employed in numerous studies of cell physiology. Since the cell membrane is a likely primary site for the cascade of events resulting in a biological response to electromagnetic fields, methodologies for monitoring the membrane voltage will be critical. This laboratory has developed a series of dyes by using theoretical molecular orbital calculations to predict electrochromic structures. The spectra of electrochromic dyes are altered via a direct coupling of the molecular electronic states with an electric field. This mechanism has the advantage of providing both high temporal and high spatial resolution because the effect is instantaneous and is localized to the level of individual indicator molecules. It therefore can have significant advantages over traditional microelectrode techniques because fast changes in potential can be monitored simultaneously over many different regions of a biological preparation. We have used these dyes to monitor membrane potentials induced by both DC and AC electric fields. In a series of studies with a model membrane system, a spherical lipid bilayer, we showed that the potential develops on the membrane in good agreement with a time- dependent solution to Laplace's equation. Cell membranes can also be stained with voltage sensitive dyes. In experiments with dc fields, we are able to map the variation of the induced membrane potential along the surface of the cell by employing digital video fluorescence microscopy. We can also use the fluorescence microscope to detect membrane potential induced by ac fields by using a phase-sensitive detection scheme to extract the corresponding change in the light intensity from the fluorescent indicator. The technology can be extended to more complex biological preparations and can be used in conjunction with other optical techniques such as those which monitor intracellular ion concentrations. It may, therefore, prove highly valuable for the elucidation of biological responses to electromagnetic fields. Factors Affecting Neural Stimulation with Magnetic Fields. Stuchly MA; Esselle KP Bioelectromagnetics; p191-204 1992 *High amplitude magnetic field pulses produced by coils external to the body have been used for medical diagnosis since the mid- 1980s to stimulate motor neurons in the brain cortex and peripheral nerves. While successful applications have since blossomed, it has only been during the last three years that quantitative dosimetric data have become available. The factors affecting neural stimulation can be divided into three categories broadly related to the characteristics of (i) the stimulus, (ii) the neuron, and (iii) the induced electric field as related to the configuration of the stimulating coil. The stimulus, in the case of magnetic field stimulation, has the form of an exponentially decaying pulse with a small overshoot of the opposite polarity. Physical and electrical properties of a neuron affect its electrical stimulation. Dosimetric considerations are limited to the linear model describing the threshold phenomena, where passive electrical properties and the cable model provide a reasonable approximation of neuron behavior. The electromagnetic variable responsible for stimulation is the spatial derivative of the induced electric field along the neuron axis. This paper examines the factors involved in eliciting threshold excitation of motor neurons by magnetic fields. The description of various factors is largely based on published data except for the analysis of the electromagnetic stimuli induced by various coils. Dosimetric Extrapolations of Extremely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields Across Biological Systems. Polk C Bioelectromagnetics; p205-208 1992 Dosimetry of Extremely-Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. Polk C Bioelectromagnetics; p209- 235 1992 *Extrapolation of quantitative measurements across biological systems requires knowledge of field-organism interaction mechanisms. In the absence of such knowledge, one can only indicate which parameters would be important under some plausible assumptions that still lack experimental proof. In the first part of the paper it is assumed that biological effects of low intensity, extremely low frequency magnetic fields are caused by the electric fields which they induce. It is shown that detailed knowledge of electrical properties on a microscale is important to predict effects that may be due to local current density, electric field strength, surface charge distribution, and mechanical forces. In the second part of the paper, it is shown that all proposed mechanisms for direct interaction between alternating magnetic fields and cells involve also the magnitude and direction of a simultaneously present static magnetic field. Reviewed are ''cyclotron resonance,'' quantum mechanical effects on ions weakly bound to proteins, nuclear magnetic resonance, and recent progress in magneto chemistry dealing with effects of magnetic fields of a few hundred microtesla on chemical reactions that involve free radicals. Dose-Response Implications of the Transient Nature of Electromagnetic-Field-Induced Bioeffects - Theoretical Hypotheses and Predictions. Litovitz TA; Montrose CJ; Wang W Bioelectromagnetics; p237-246 1992 *Data in the literature imply that the relationship between exposure and bio-effect involves more than a simple time integral of the field strength to which the living system has been subjected. Windows-ranges in which the system exhibits enhanced sensitivity-have been reported for power (or field strength), frequency, and the duration of the exposure. In this paper we show that such isolated window effects can be accounted for by recognizing the transient character of the response of the biological system. The principal assumption here is that the direct effect of the field is to increase the rates of production and degradation of mRNA or proteins. In this paper we review and extend the mathematical model that quantifies this. The model predicts that, for a given field strength, certain optimum relatively short duration exposures cause significantly larger bio-effects than exposure for much longer or much shorter times. The thinking embodied in the model should provide a framework for obtaining a meaningful working definition of ''effective dose'' and for predicting the response of subjects to environmental electromagnetic fields. It should help in deciding the relevant variables in the design and analysis of epidemiological studies. Regulation of Cell Cycle and Growth Control. Stein GS; Lian JB Bioelectromagnetics; p247- 265 1992 *The potential biological effects of electric and/or magnetic fields on cells and tissues must be addressed systematically within a context of perturbations in cell cycle control. Such studies should not be pursued in an isolated manner but as a component of the fundamental relationship between proliferation and differentiation, the multi-step process by which structural and functional properties of specialized cells, tissues, and organs progressively develop. It is necessary to quantitatively establish the influence of electric and magnetic fields on the integrated signalling mechanisms which transduce regulatory information for 1) control of the proliferative process and 2) down-regulation of proliferation associated with the initiation of gene expression that mediates the development and maintenance of phenotypic properties characteristic of differentiated cells. We will present an overview of our current understanding of regulatory mechanisms that control proliferation and cell specialization in normal diploid cells with emphasis on rate limiting steps that may be the basis for biological perturbations by electric and magnetic fields. Addressing such questions in normal diploid cells is essential since the loss of growth control in transformed and tumor cells is accompanied by an abrogation of developmental regulatory mechanisms that are functionally coupled to proliferation. Induction of Micronuclei in Cultured Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Quartz Halogen Lamps and Its Prevention by Glass Covers. Dagostini F; Izzotti A; Deflora S Mutagenesis; 8 (1) p87- 90 JAN 1993 *The light emitted by an uncovered tungsten halogen lamp (12 V, 50 W), equipped with a dichroic mirror, induced time-related and distance-related increases in the frequency of micronucleated lymphocytes following in vitro exposure. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three healthy donors showed the same degree of sensitivity. This clastogenic effect could be ascribed to the emission of far-UV wavelengths (UVB and UVC) and was prevented by interposing a common glass cover. These results support the findings of our genotoxicity studies in repair- deficient bacteria and carcinogenicity studies in hairless mice, thereby suggesting possible health hazards associated with illumination with halogen quartz bulbs, to which an enormous number of individuals are nowadays exposed. These hazards can be simply avoided by using glass covers. Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythms. Schwartz PJ JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 269 (7) p868 FEB 17 1993 Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythms - Reply. Sagan LA JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 269 (7) p868-869 FEB 17 1993 Far Electrostatics Interactions of the Particles in the Cytoplasm. Sizonenko VL Biofizika; 38 (1) p144-149 JAN-FEB 1993 *The electrical fields of the spherical shape particles polarized by the cytoplasm ion were calculated. The items which took into consideration the influence of the polarized particles on ions were added to Gowy-Chapman's equations. The electric fields around one or two particles were found. These fields were shown to penetrate far into the cytoplasm. The potential energy of the two repulsed particles was determined.This energy was more than their temperature even in case of the long distances between the particles which had rather big radii. Studies by Iron Accumulation by Bacteria by Means of Magnetic Measurements. Verkhovtseva NV; Glebova IN Biofizika; 38 (1) p150- 153 JAN-FEB 1993 *Iron compounds accumulated by bacteria Arthrobacter globiformis, Seliberia stellata, Bacillus cereus and Proteus vulgaris were studied with techniques of magnetic measurement. All the cells were diamagnetic in control variants (the source of iron in the media was in the form of a microelement) and the bacteria were paramagnetic (except Proteus vulgaris) in the ferrous media. Iron compounds were not accumulated by P.vulgaris and this species was always diamagnetic. The forms of iron compounds accumulated by some bacteria studied were not dependent on their quantity in the media. The bacteria did not differ considerably by the quantity of accumulated iron, but they differed significantly in relation to the magnetically ordered iron compounds. Frequency Characteristics of the Sensitivity of Honey Bee Larvae to Electric Current. Eskov EK Biofizika; 38 (1) p192-193 JAN-FEB 1993 *The sensitivity threshold of working bee larvae to increased electric current frequency from 10 to 5000 kHz rises on the average by 137 times. At 10 Hz the larvae react to the current of 0.029 mA (C(v)=48%), at 5000 - of 3.98 mA (C(v)=46%). The sensitivity of the larvae to the electric curren is 2-3 orders below that of adult bees. This explains relatively low sensitivity of the larvae to the low-frequency electric field and supports one of the mechanisms of its perception based on stimulation by induced currents. Stochastic Resonans and Its Possible Role in Living Nature. Makeev VM Biofizika; 38 (1) p194-201 JAN-FEB 1993 *A curious phenomenon discovered recently, called ''stochastic resonans'' might happen to be of interest in different biological processes. Stochastic resonans may be observed in a bistable system driven with a noise and periodical force. According to it in some conditions the system behaves in a more organised way with an increase of the incoming noise. The main features of the phenomenon interesting for the biological application is discussed, and a simple model of the bistable potential-dependent ion channel is considered as a possible mechanism of the influence of the weak electromagnetic field on the living sell. Effects of ELF Magnetic Fields on Biological Magnetite. Adair RK Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p1-4 1993 *The effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields of 5 muT (50 mG) or less on biological structures holding magnetite (Fe3O4) are shown to be much smaller than that from thermal agitation; hence such interactions cannot be expected to be biologically significant. Effects of a 60 Hz Magnetic Field on Central Cholinergic Systems of the Rat. Lai H; Carino MA; Horita A; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p5-15 1993 *We studied the effects of an acute (45 min) exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field on sodium- dependent, high-affinity choline uptake in the brain of the rat. Decreases in uptake were observed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus after the animals were exposed to a magnetic field at flux densities greater-than-or-equal-to 0.75 mT. These effects of the magnetic field were blocked by pretreating the animals with the narcotic antagonist naltrexone, but not by the peripheral opioid antagonist, naloxone methiodide. These data indicate that the magnetic-field- induced decreases in high-affinity choline uptake in the rat brain were mediated by endogenous opioids in the central nervous systems. Rat Liver Foci Study on Coexposure with 50 Hz Magnetic Fields and Known Carcinogens. Rannug A; Holmberg B; Ekstrom T; Mild KH Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p17-27 1993 *A study was performed to investigate possible interactions by magnetic fields (MF) with the processes of initiation and promotion of chemically induced preneoplastic lesions in rat liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy followed after 24 h by i.p. injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) as a tumour initiator. Starting one week after the DENA-treatment phenobarbital (PB) was given to promote growth of enzymatically altered foci of liver cells. MF was applied immediately after the partial hepatectomy and continued until sacrifice after 12 weeks of PB exposure. Homogenous horizontal AC magnetic fields with a frequency ot 50 Hz and flux densities of 0.5 muT or 0.5 mT were used. The rats coexposed with MF and DENA plus PB did not gain weight as much as the rats exposed to the chemical agents only. The MF-exposure also resulted in a slight reduction in size and numbers of the focal lesions. The results suggest an interaction of MF with the processes of chemical carcinogenesis either as a result of stress or depending on effects on the proliferation of preneoplastic cells. Determination of the Induced ELF Electric Field Distribution in a 2 Layer Invitro System Simulating Biological Cells in Nutrient Solution. Wang W; Litovitz TA; Penafiel LM; Meister R Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p29-39 1993 *In-vitro studies of biological effects of electromagnetic fields are often conducted with cultured cells either in suspension or grown in a monolayer. In the former case, the exposed medium can be assumed to be homogeneous; however, eventually the cells settle to the bottom of the container forming a two layer system with different dielectric and conductive properties. In the present work the effect of this separation on the electric field distribution is calculated and experimentally measured at selected positions for a commonly used exposure configuration. The settled cell suspension is modeled by a well-defined two layer system placed in a rectangular container with the base of the container parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. Theoretical calculations based on numerical techniques are done for various two layer systems with different conductivities in each layer. The agreement between the theoretical calculations and the experimental measurements is within +/- 1.5 mV/m, or 10% of the maximum induced field when the conductivity of the lower layer is ten times that of the upper layer. This result is well within experimental error. When the thickness of one of the layers is small compared to the thickness of the other layer, it is found that the electric field distribution is essentially that of the homogeneous case. The latter situation corresponds to a typical cell exposure condition. Inter-Beat Intervals of Cardiac-Cell Aggregates During Exposure to 2.45 GHz CW, Pulsed, and Square-Wave-Modulated Microwaves. Seaman RL; Dehaan RL Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p41-55 1993 *Inter-beat intervals of aggregated cardiac cells from chicken embryos were studied during 190 s exposures to 2.45 GHz microwaves in an open-ended coaxial device. Averaged specific- absorption rates (SARs) and modulation conditions were 1.2-86.9 W/kg continuous-wave (CW), 1.2- 12.2 W/kg pulse modulation (PW, duty cycle almost-equal-to 11%), and 12.0-43.5 W/kg square-wave modulation (duty cycle = 50%), The inter-beat interval decreased during microwave exposures at 42.0 W/kg and higher when CW or square-wave modulation was used, which is consistent with established effects of elevated temperatures. However, increases in the inter-beat inter-beat interval during CW exposures at 1.2- 12.2 W/kg, and decreases in the inter- beat interval after PW exposures at 8.4-12.2 W/kg, are not consistent with simple thermal effects. Analysis of variance indicated that SAR, modulation. and the modulation-SAR interaction were all significant factors in altering the inter-beat interval. The latter two factors indicated that the cardiac cells were affected by athermal as well as thermal effects of microwave exposure. 2D-Plasmon Excitation and Nonthermal Effects of Microwaves on Biological Membranes. Fisun OI Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p57-66 1993 *There are several experimental reports that have demonstrated a remarkable increase in conduction of ions along the interface between water and a polar-lipid monolayer as contrasted with that in a bulk-water phase. A simple model was developed for the collective ionic modes of a charged spherical membrane that takes the increase into account. Starting from the hydrodynamic equations for surface ions inside and outside a cell, the dispersion relation for intrinsic cellular electrical oscillations was obtained. Properties were calculated for surface- plasmon modes as well as for a resonant response of a charged membrane bilayer to microwave pumping. The Effect of Moving Air on Detection of a 60-Hz Electric Field. Stell M; Sheppard AR; Adey WR Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p67-78 1993 *Two potential mechanisms in detection of a 60-Hz electric field by albino rats were examined: field-induced movement of the vibrissae and field-induced vibration of the skin. Specifically, the experiment tested field detection in a moving stream of air designed to mask field-induced movement of the skin, fur, and vibrissae. Rats were trained to detect electric fields and were then tested at field intensities from 0-25 kV/m rms. As previously reported, rats demonstrate unmistakable behavioral evidence of field detection at all intensities above 7.5 kV/m. After establishing detection in still air, field detection was re-examined in moving air (average air velocity approximately 2.8-6.8 m/s). The primary result is that the wind produced no change in detection at field intensities above threshold (> 7.5 kV/m), Indeed, at these intensities detection was virtually identical in still and moving air. A secondary finding is that moving air produced statistically significant (P < .05) but apparently contradictory effects on detection when the field intensity was below threshold. On no-field trials the wind lowered scores (i.e., fewer presses on the field- off lever); however, on subthreshold field trials, the wind actually increased detection scores (i.e., more presses on the field-on lever). While this no-field and subthreshold field result is interesting and deserves further study, we place primary emphasis on the finding that, if the field was detectable in still air, it was also detectable in moving air. This result leads us to believe that movement of the vibrissae, fur, or skin is not likely to be the main mechanism of electric-field detection in our subjects. Effects of Microwaves on Membranes of Hematopoietic Cells in Their Structural and Functional Organization. Rotkovska D; Bartonickova A; Kautska J Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p79-85 1993 *The role of cell membranes in stimulating and inhibiting the effects of microwaves was investigated in experiments carried out with a suspension of murine bone marrow cells irradiated with microwaves in vitro [f = 2.45 GHz, CW, specific absorption rate (SAR) = 12 W/kg]. Results obtained by means of a structural probe, 2.4-TNS, indicate that no structural changes occur in the region of the protein-lipid interphase under conditions of short- term irradiation with microwaves that induced temperatures in the range 36-45-degrees (exposure time 315 and 525 s, respectively). Investigation of one functional parameter- the ability to produce hematopoietic colonies in the spleen after transplantation of the bone marrow irradiated in vitro by microwaves-indicated the possibility of affecting stimulatory and inhibitory effects of microwaves by using a blocker of cell receptors, Trimepranol. The role of microwaves as a physical factor interfering in the process of cell proliferation at the level of receptor regulation is discussed. Influence of a Stationary Magnetic Field on Acetylcholinesterase in Murine Bone Marrow Cells. Stegemann S; Altman KI; Muhlensiepen H; Feinendegen LE Radiation and Environmental Biophysics; 32 (1) p65-72 JAN 1993 *A thirty-minute exposure of mice to a homogeneous stationary magnetic field (SMF) of 1.4 Tesla at either 27- degrees-C or 37- degrees-C body temperature causes an inhibition of about 20 per cent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.11.7) in murine bone marrow cells (BMC) after 3.5 and 2 h, respectively, at the two afore- mentioned body temperatures. The extent of enzyme inhibition is independent of ambient temperature, but dependent on the time after exposure. This initial inhibition of AChE activity is followed by a limited recovery which is dependent upon the temperature during exposure to the SMF and remains incomplete even 15 h afterwards. We describe here certain enzymologic properties of AChE in BMC as well as inhibition studies with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to differentiate between AChE and nonspecific cholinesterases. On the Mechanism of a 60-Hz Electric Field Induced Growth Reduction of Mammalian Cells Invitro. Azadniv M; Miller MW; Cox C; Valentine F Radiation and Environmental Biophysics; 32 (1) p73-83 JAN 1993 *Data on 60-Hz electric field (EF) induced reduction in growth rate of plant roots have strongly supported the hypothesis that the effect is related to an EF-induced transmembrane potential (V(m)i). An investigation was undertaken to determine if this hypothesis is also applicable to 60-Hz EF-induced reductions in growth rate of mammalian cells in vitro. Human lymphoblastic (RPMI 1788) and human carcinoma (HeLa) cells were selected for study, the former having a relatively small diameter (11.2 mum), and the latter having a relatively large diameter (15.4 mum). The 60-Hz EFs ranged from 430-1200 V/m in the culture medium. The growth rate of RPMI 1788 cells after 4- days was depressed by about 42% at a 60-Hz EF of 1000-1200 V/m with a response threshold occurring at 950 V/m; the V(m)i at the response threshold was 8 mV. There was no 60- Hz EF-induced effect on HeLa cell growth rate of a V(m)i of 8 mV (60-Hz EF = 700 V/m); a statistically significant effect was achieved at V(m)i of 11 mV (950 V/m). The data support the hypothesis that above a threshold 60-Hz EF, V(m)i acts as the initial signal leading to growth rate reductions. Magnetic Healing, Quackery, and the Debate About the Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Macklis RM Annals of Internal Medicine; 118 (5) p376-383 MAR 1 1993 *Although the biological effects of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation have been studied since the time of Paracelsus, there is still no consensus on whether these effects are physiologically significant. The recent discovery of deposits of magnetite within the human brain as well as recent, highly publicized tort litigation charging adverse effects after exposure to magnetic fields has rekindled the debate. New data suggest that electromagnetic radiation generated from power lines may lead to physiologic effects with potentially dangerous results. Whether these effects are important enough to produce major epidemiologic consequences remains to be established. The assumption of quackery that has attended this subject since the time of Mesmer's original ''animal magnetism'' investigations continues to hamper efforts to compile a reliable data base on the health effects of electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems. Frey AH FASEB Journal; 7 (2) p272-281 FEB 1 1993 *This is a report on Symposia organized by the International Society for Bioelectricity and presented at the 1992 FASEB Meeting. The presentations summarized here were intended to provide a sampling of new and fruitful lines of research. The theme topics for the Symposia were cancer, neural function, cell signaling, pineal gland function, and immune system interactions. Living organisms are complex electrochemical systems that evolved over billions of years in a world with a relatively simple weak magnetic field and with few electromagnetic energy emitters. As is characteristic of living organisms, they interacted with and adapted to this environment of electric and magnetic fields. In recent years there has been a massive introduction of equipment that emits electromagnetic fields in an enormous range of new frequencies, modulations, and intensities. As living organisms have only recently found themselves immersed in this new and virtually ubiquitous environment, they have not had the opportunity to adapt to it. This gives us, as biologists, the opportunity to use these electromagnetic fields as probes to study the functioning of living systems. This is a significant opportunity, as new approaches to studying living systems so often provide the means to make great leaps in science. In recent years, a diversity of biologists have carried out experiments using electromagnetic fields to study the function of living cells and systems. This approach is now becoming quite fruitful and is yielding data that are advancing our knowledge in diverse areas of biology. Weak Electric Current Accelerates Motoneuron Regeneration in the Sciatic Nerve of 10- Month-Old Rats. Pomeranz B; Campbell JJ Brain Research; 603 (2) p271-278 FEB 19 1993 *When a weak direct current (DC) of 10 muA driven by an implantable device was applied to a crushed sciatic nerve in 9- 10-month-old rats, regeneration was accelerated as assessed electrophysiologically. Rats underwent a sciatic nerve crush of the right leg and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (i) Cathode Distal (CD); (ii) Sham Implant (SI); or (iii) No Implant (NI). On post-operative days 25-39 each Tat received a measurement of evoked electromyograms (EMG) in the foot. In addition each rat received a behavioural test score (BTS). This BTS correlated well with the evoked EMG results showing the behavioural relevance of the EMG results. NI rats performed the same as SI in the evoked EMG procedure, but CD rats performed significantly better than both the control groups. The recovery period in the CD rats was 21% shorter than in either the sham- treated or untreated controls showing that weak DC can greatly enhance nerve regeneration in adult rats. This result was in contrast to previous work in younger rats where DC treatments had no effects. The discrepancy is discussed in relation to the slowing of regeneration in older rats. Increase in Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP of Rat Cerebellum by Radio Frequency Burst-Type Electromagnetic Field Radiation. Miura M; Takayama K; Okada J Journal of Physiology - London; 461 p513- 524 FEB 1993 *1. Using rat cerebellum supernatant, the effects of radio frequency (RF) burst-type electromagnetic (EM) field radiation on the production of cyclic GMP were examined under various conditions. The radiation was generated by a generator coil, and set at a 1 0 MHz radiation frequency, a 50 % burst time, a 10 kHz burst rate and a 5 V peak-to- peak generator voltage. 2. When the cerebellum supernatant was incubated with both exogenous L- arginine (nitric oxide (NO) donor) and NADPH, and irradiated by an RF burst-type EM field, the production of cyclic GMP was increased significantly from a level of 21-22 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 to 25-26 nmol min- 1 (g tissue)-1. By contrast, such an effect was not found when the cerebellum supernatant was irradiated by an RF volley-type EM field. 3. When neither L- arginine nor NADPH were added to the cerebellum supernatant, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 6 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 and the radiation effect was not found. When the cerebellum supernatant was chelated with EDTA, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 7 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 and the radiation effect was not found. 4. Incubation with Methylene Blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, lowered the production of cyclic GMP to a level of 10-12 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1, and the radiation effect did not occur. On incubation with a NO synthase inhibitor, either N(G)-methyl-L-arginine or N(omega)- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 10-12 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 or 5- 9 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 respectively, and the radiation effect was not observed. 5. Using electrochemical NO probes, the production of NO in the cerebellum supernatant was detected. The concentration of NO increased gradually after the onset of the EM field radiation. The radiation effect persisted, and reached a maximum after the cessation of the radiation. 6. In an in vivo study, the arterioles of the frog web were dilated by the radiation, and this radiation effect was almost completely abolished by the addition of a NO synthase inhibitor. This indicates that radiation activates NO synthase and ultimately induces vasodilatation. Exposure to Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Increases Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Cossarizza A; Angioni S; Petraglia F; Genazzani AR; Monti D; Capri M; Bersani F; Cadossi R; Franceschi C Experimental Cell Research; 204 (2) p385-387 FEB 1993 Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields - A Review of Genetic Toxicology. Murphy JC; Kaden DA; Warren J; Sivak A Mutation Research; 296 (3) p221-240 MAR 1993 *Epidemiologic studies have reported a modestly increased risk of childhood leukemia associated with certain electric power wire configurations. Since cancer likely involves DNA damage, this review discusses the evidence of direct and indirect genetic toxicity effects for both electric and magnetic fields at 50- and 60-Hz and miscellaneous pulsed exposures. Exposure conditions vary greatly among different end points measured, making comparisons and conclusions among experiments difficult. Although most of the available evidence does not suggest that electric and/or magnetic fields cause DNA damage, the existence of some positive findings and limitations in the set of studies carried out suggest a need for additional work. Electromagnetic Fields, Cancer, and the Theory of Neuroendocrine- Related Promotion. Marino AA Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 29 (3) p255-276 FEB 1993 *Environmental electromagnetic fields were predicted to increase the risk for cancer in chronically exposed human subjects because of impaired immunosurveillance mediated by the neuroendocrine system. This theory was examined by evaluating the human observational studies involving EMF- exposed subjects, and it was determined that the risk of cancer is greater when EMFs are added to the environment, at least for children and white males. The inference of risk obtained from the studies supports the theory of neuroendocrine-related progression of cancer but does not prove it because the studies provide no basis to exclude other possible mechanisms such as EMF-induced changes in ornithine decarboxylase, melatonin, or ion-resonance interactions. Ionic Channel Gating Under Electromagnetic Exposure - A Stochastic Model. Dinzeo G; Pisa S; Tarricone L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 29 (3) p289-304 FEB 1993 *Researchers interested in the biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields are focusing their attention on the behavior of transmembrane ionic channels and on their kinetic properties. Theoretical studies of the biochemical dynamic properties of the channels have suggested the development of a modelistic approach considering the membrane channel as a non- deterministic state machine. Its behavior is fully described by a set of states, a matrix of transition rates, and a vector for the probability of the machine to be in each single state at a certain instant. In this work a stochastic model is developed, generating random processes where the probability for each state is an aleatory variable. The model can be applied to both voltage- and ligand-dependent channels, both unexposed and exposed to EM fields. The response of the model, for voltage- dependent channels such as K+, Na+ and Ca2+ in a voltage-clamp situation, is analyzed for sinusoidal EM fields in the ELF range. The results obtained appear more satisfactory than those presented in earlier papers using similar approaches, as this model shows the sensitivity of the channel response to both the frequency and amplitude of the EM stimulation. Magnetic Inclination Compass - A Basis for the Migratory Orientation of Birds in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Wiltschko W; Munro U; Ford H; Wiltschko R Experientia; 49 (2) p167-170 FEB 15 1993 *We conducted orientation experiments with Silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis, Australian passerine migrants, to see whether birds living in the Southern Hemisphere in a magnetic field with an upward inclination orient in the same way as birds in the Northern Hemisphere that experience a downward inclination of the magnetic field. Tested indoors in the local geomagnetic field, the birds preferred southerly directions corresponding to their migratory direction in spring. In a magnetic field with a reversed vertical component, they reversed their directional tendencies. This shows that the magnetic compass of Silvereyes also functions as an inclination compass based on the inclination of the field lines instead of the polarity. Stimulation of the Growth of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Pulse Electric Fields. Borodina VM; Fedorova LI; Erchler IA; Abidor IG; Zelenin AV Biologicheskie Membrany; 9 (9) p970-976 SEP 1992 *A method of the stimulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell growth in high-voltage pulse fields is described. It has been shown that 24 h after an experiment the number of cells in electric pulse-treated samples (3 kV. cm, 50 mu s) is 2-4 times as high as the control value. Cancer Mortality and Residence Near Electricity Transmission Equipment - A Retrospective Cohort Study. Schreiber GH; Swaen GMH; Meijers JMM; Slangen JJM; Sturmans F International Journal of Epidemiology; 22 (1) p9-15 FEB 1993 *Several studies in recent years have raised the possibility that exposure to extreme low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields may be hazardous to human health, in particular by the promotion or initiation of leukaemia and other cancers. To determine if this exposure creates a long-term hazard to the public, the mortality of a group of people identified as having lived in an urban quarter of Maastricht in which two 150 kiloVolt (kV) powerlines and one transformer substation are located was investigated. Using the Dutch population registry it was possible to identify retrospectively 3549 inhabitants of the quarter who lived there for at least 5 years between 1956 and 1981. Of these 1552 study subjects lived within 100 m of the electricity transmission equipment and were exposed to magnetic field intensity of 1.0-11.0 milliGauss. The overall standardized mortality ratio and cancer mortality ratios were either not or only slightly elevated. The study does not support previously reported associations of exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields with leukaemia, brain cancer and breast cancer. Leukemia and Electromagnetic Fields. Reizenstein P Leukemia Research; 17 (3) p197-198 MAR 1993 Use of Electric Blankets and Risk of Testicular Cancer and Use of Electric Blankets and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Wertheimer N; Leeper E American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (2) p252-255 JAN 15 1993 - Reply. Vena JE; Graham S; Hellmann R; Swanson M; Brasure J American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (2) p255-257 JAN 15 1993 Magnetic Fields and Intracellular Calcium - Effects on Lymphocytes Exposed to Conditions for Cyclotron Resonance. Coulton LA; Barker AT Physics in Medicine and Biology; 38 (3) p347-360 MAR 1993 *There are a number of claims in the literature that specific combinations of low-level DC and AC magnetic fields can cause biologically significant effects. The combinations of fields required to elicit these responses fulfil the theoretical conditions for classical cyclotron resonance of the selected ion. Because of the biological importance of calcium ions any effects on them are of particular interest, for instance the claimed increase in calcium uptake by electromagnetically exposed lymphocytes. We have measured the intracellular calcium concentration, by means of a sensitive fluorescent probe, during a 60 min exposure of mouse lymphocytes to 'cyclotron resonance' conditions for calcium ions. 'Resonance' conditions at two frequencies (16 Hz and 50 Hz) were tested, with a range of DC field amplitudes used to shift the frequency up to 25% either side of the calculated optimum. Treatment of the lymphocytes with concanavalin A was used as a positive control and caused a significant increase in intracellular calcium concentration. No change in intracellular calcium concentration could be detected when lymphocytes were exposed to 'cyclotron resonance' conditions or to the other magnetic field combinations used. Effect of Modulated SHF Electromagnetic Fields on Calmodulin Levels in Brain Structures. Katkov VF; Pavlovskii VF; Poltavchenko GM Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 114 (7) p978-980 JUL 1992 Langevin-Lorentz and Zeeman-Stark Models of Bioelectromagnetic Effects. Chiabrera A; Bianco B; Tommasi T; Moggia E Acta Pharmaceutica; 42 (4) p315-322 1992 *The study of biophysical mechanisms involved in the interactions between low-intensity electromagnetic fields and cells has evolved to address specific molecular processes, like ion binding to receptors and ion transport across channels. The classical approach, which is based on the Langevin- Lorentz equation, has been fully exploited neglecting any endogenous force, so that the effects due to an exogenous exposure can be compared to thermal noise effects. As a consequence, it becomes apparent that also the endogenous force acting on the messenger ions needs to be considered. Assuming such a force proportional to ion displacement, its effect on thermal motion only is discussed. If an exogenous field is applied, the variations occurring in ion dynamics can be studied, but only partial results are available, so that a conclusive comparison with thermal noise effects cannot yet be accomplished. On the other hand, realistic data obtained from the Protein Data Bank point out that endogenous fields are very large and nonlinear on the 10(-10) m scale, thus calling for a quantum approach. A modelling technique using the density operator and based on weak Zeeman and Stark effects has been developed. A preliminary comparison with the results obtained by a Zeeman model (exogenous exposure versus thermal noise) proves once more the paramount importance of considering a particular choice on the endogenous force. However, both approaches are solid starting points toward better understanding of bioelectromagnetic effects. No conclusive results are yet available; nevertheless, the preliminary results show that biological effects of low- intensity electromagnetic exposure are possible, thus offering a theoretical basis for the improvement of the models and an attempt to interpret experimental results. EMF and Cancer. Davis JG; Bennett WR; Brady JV; Brent RL; Gordis L; Gordon WE; Greenhouse SW; Reiter RJ; Stein GS; Susskind C; Trichopoulos D Science; 260 (5104) p13-14 APR 2 1993; EMF and Cancer. Ahlbom A; Feychting M Science; 260 (5104) p14 APR 2 1993 A Double-Blind Trial of the Clinical Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Osteoarthritis. Trock DH; Bollet AJ; Dyer RH; Fielding LP; Miner WK; Markoll R Journal of Rheumatology; 20 (3) p456-460 MAR 1993 *Objective. Further evaluation of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), which have been observed to produce numerous biological effects, and have been used to treat delayed union fractures for over a decade. Methods. In a pilot, double-blind randomized trial, 27 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), primarily of the knee, were treated with PEMF. Treatment consisted of 18 half- hour periods of exposure over about 1 month in a specially designed noncontact, air-coil device. Observations were made on 6 clinical variables at baseline, midpoint of therapy, end of treatment and one month later; 25 patients completed treatment. Results. An average improvement of 23-61% occurred in the clinical variables observed with active treatment, while 2 to 18% improvement was observed in these variables in placebo treated control patients. No toxicity was observed. Conclusion. The decreased pain and improved functional performance of treated patients suggests that this configuration of PEMF has potential as an effective method of improving symptoms in patients with OA. This method warrants further clinical investigation. Effects of 7 Months' Exposure to a Static 0.2 T-Magnetic Field on Growth and Glycolytic Activity of Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Yamaguchi H; Hosokawa K; Soda A; Miyamoto H; Kinouchi Y Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1156 (3) p302-306 MAR 21 1993 *Human gingival fibroblasts in confluent cultures were continuously exposed to a static 0.2 T magnetic field for 6 or 8 months. Culture flasks were not changed during the exposure, but culture medium was renewed. After dilution and mixing of the cultures surviving intact, field- exposed and sham-exposed cultures received further field- or sham- exposure on Sm-Co blocks. Rate of cell proliferation, histogram of the nuclear DNA content, rates of lactate production and glucose consumption and the ATP content were determined and cell morphology was investigated by both light- and electron-microscopy. Results show no marked differences between exposed and control cells. Larmor Precession as a Mechanism for the Detection of Static and Alternating Magnetic Fields. Edmonds DT Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p3-12 MAR 1993 *The Larmor theorem predicts that applying a magnetic field B to a particle of mass m and charge q which is under the influence of a strong central force leads to the superposition of a uniform precession of angular frequency w(L) = qB/(2m) about the direction of the field on the original motion. This imposes an axial symmetry on the original motion even though the energy of interaction of the ion with the field is negligible compared with its original energy. This could provide a mechanism by which a biological system detects the direction of a magnetic field. On the assumption that the effectiveness of a calcium binding enzyme such as calmodulin depends on its shape and thus in detail on the direction of vibration of the bound ion, the catalysed kinetics are shown to depend upon the amplitude of an applied magnetic field. Small amplitude alternating magnetic fields applied at an angle to a static field are shown to be very effective in altering the imposed symmetry in a frequency dependent manner. The mechanism has considerable immunity from noise because the vibrating ion is shielded within the cavity, it is sensitive only to a narrow band of disturbing frequencies and the precession rate does not depend on the frequency or amplitude of the vibrator. Effect of ELF Electromagnetic Exposure on Precipitation of Barium Oxalate. Berton R; Beruto D; Bianco B; Chiabrera A; Giordani M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p13- 25 MAR 1993 *Studies on the effects of low-intensity, low-frequency electromagnetic fields on processes, such as nucleation and precipitation in living matter, have to face rather complex experimental conditions due to the large number of variables to be taken into account. Similar problems are usually associated with many bioelectromagnetic reactions. Inorganic systems where the same phenomena occur are more suitable for investigating the fundamental mechanisms involved. In this paper, we deal with the effect of ELF electromagnetic fields on the nucleation and precipitation of barium oxalate from aqueous solutions of barium nitrate. The effect of ELF electromagnetic fields on nucleation and on crystal growth kinetics lies in the production of fewer nuclei, which grow faster. It is shown that low-intensity ELF fields induce changes in the interfacial energy, which in turn increases both the total apparent free energy of activation for the nucleation process and the subsequent crystal growth kinetics. Electromagnetic Energy Deposition in Living Tissues by an Overconstrained Moment Method. Caorsi S; Gragnani GL; Pastorino M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p27-34 MAR 1993 *Some mathematical developments are presented, and results of numerical experiments are reported to compare a ''traditional'' version of the moment method with an overconstrained one. The latter aims to achieve higher accuracy in modelling both electromagnetic energy deposition and field distribution in biological bodies. A larger number of testing than basis functions is used to constrain the solution more effectively near comers and edges. A pseudoinversion transformation is performed to solve, in a least-squares sense, the resulting overdetermined system of equations. Comparisons with results reported in the literature are made, showing an enhancement of the method of moment (MoM) capabilities in specific absorption rate calculations, without a corresponding increase in computational load. The overconstrained MoM needs limited computer resources, and can be quite effective if the knowledge of the mean value of the scattered field is sufficient, or when local electromagnetic field values are required only for some regions of a body. Measurement of the Red Blood Cell Membrane Magnetic Susceptibility. Azanza MJ; Blott BH; Delmoral A; Peg MT Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p43-53 MAR 1993 *Accurate magnetic measurements, at congruent-to 300 K and at magnetic fields up to 5 T have been performed, using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, in dried powders of human red blood cell membranes (RBC) fragments. The measured susceptibility is chi = - (4.59 +/- 0.15) x 10(-7) emu/g Oe, being field independent. We have developed a model to calculate the magnetization induced on aggregates of clusters of diamagnetically correlated anisotropic phospholipid molecules (superdiamagnetism) and concluded that chi is directly related, in the form DELTAchi = 2chi, to the anisotropy of the bilayer diamagnetic susceptibility, expressed as DELTAchi = chi(parallel- to) - chi(perpendicular-to), where chi(parallel-to) and chi(perpendicular-to) are the susceptibilities parallel and perpendicular to the longer molecular axis respectively. The value obtained for deltachi is then - (9.18 +/- 0.30) x 10(-7) emu/g Oe. Comparison between deltachi and the model-calculated magnetization for the correlated superdiamagnetic molecular clusters of RBC and likely Helix aspersa neuron membranes, gives an upper bound of N(C) almost-equal-to 5 X 10(6) phospholipids. Electromagnetic Field Calculations Used for Exposure Experiments on Small Animals in TEM-Cells. Martens L; Vanhese J; Dezutter D; Dewagter C; Malmgren L; Persson BRR; Salford LG Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p73-81 MAR 1993 *Three-dimensional electromagnetic calculations for loaded transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission cells are presented. Based on those calculations a prediction of the perturbation of the standard uniform field in the TEM-cell, due to the scattering by inhomogeneous structures placed inside the cell cavity, is given. The influence of the dimensions of a lossy structure and its position in the TEM-cell on its absorption of the electromagnetic fields is presented. Knowing the perturbation of the uniform field is important for good interpretation of the biological experimental results. The Na,K-ATPase as a Model for Electromagnetic Field Effects on Cells. Blank M; Soo L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p85-92 MAR 1993 *The ATP-splitting activity of the membrane Na,K-ATPase can increase or decrease in alternating cu-ent (ac), depending on the level of enzyme activity in the absence of a field. Under optimal conditions, the ac decreases the activity; when the enzyme activity is lowered by ouabain or temperature, the ac increases the activity. Both effects are frequency dependent over a broad band, with maxima in the ELF range at about 100 Hz. The currents can be imposed with electrodes or induced from an alternating magnetic field. At 60 Hz, the threshold for inhibition by an induced ac electric field has been determined to be about 52 muV cm-1, a somewhat higher value than determined earlier at 100 Hz for currents imposed through electrodes. Further Investigations on Non-Thermal Effects Referring to the Interaction Between ELF Fields and Transmembrane Ionic Fluxes. Dinzeo G; Galli A; Palombo A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p93-102 MAR 1993 *In this paper we develop further the analysis of a model of bioelectromagnetic interaction at the microscopic level. Non- thermal effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields regarding the cellular environment are approached by means of thermodynamic considerations. A classical model, which considers the Lorentz forces acting on the cell membrane ions, is investigated at extremely low frequencies (ELF). Thus it is possible to calculate the electromagnetic energy coupling with the different ionic species, by varying the frequency, the amplitudes, and the spatial configurations of the EM fields. The influence of orientation of the static and dynamic EM components is evaluated from a theoretical point of view. Mechanisms of Electromechanical Coupling in Membranes Demonstrated by Transmembrane Potential-Dependent Shape Transformations of Human Erythrocytes. Glaser R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p103-109 MAR 1993 *Human red blood cells in electrolyte solutions become stomatocytes if the transmembrane potential goes beyond +25 mV, and transform into echinocytes if the transmembrane potential becomes negative. This correlation can be found when inducing the membrane potential change in various ways (Cl- and pH(e) modifications, electric breakdown, ionophores, ghosts). No correlation between the shapes and the internal or external pH could be found. Shape transformations which are produced by amphiphilic drugs can be overcome by the electric membrane potential. The mechanisms of this process are obviously complex. Translocations of small charged molecules between the internal and the external lipid leaflet seem to be important. This process is discussed as a model for electromechanical coupling mechanisms in membranes. A Strong Static Magnetic Field Inhibits the Poly-ADP- Ribosylation of Proteins in Human Kidney T1-Cells. Schneeweiss FHA; Xia F; Sharan RN; Feinendegen LE Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p111-117 MAR 1993 *Exposure of monolayers of human kidney TI-cells to a strong static magnetic field (1.4 T, 30 min at 37-degrees- C) reduced the poly-ADP-ribosylation (PADPR) of the total cellular proteins to about 60% of its normal metabolic level. The inhibition was transient and showed dependence on the time of exposure and on the strength of the applied static magnetic field. PADPR relaxation kinetics followed a non-monotonous course reaching the metabolic level not earlier than 24 h after the termination of magnetic field interference. It is suggested that the magnetic field interacts with the cellular membrane components affecting the transfer of signals which controls the PADPR of proteins. Effects of Weak Low Frequency Sinusoidal and dc Magnetic Fields on Myosin Phosphorylation in a Cell-Free Preparation. Markov MS; Wang S; Pilla AA Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p119-125 MAR 1993 *The effects of weak, environmental range, sinusoidal (ac), and dc magnetic fields on myosin light chain phosphorylation in a cell-free system were studied. This enzyme system is Ca2+- calmodulin dependent, providing a well established ion binding mechanism for this investigation. The exposure system applied dc (0-200 muT, vertically and/or horizontally controlled) and/or ac (16 Hz, 20.9 muT) magnetic fields. The results appear to suggest that all of the ac and dc, as well as combinations of ac/dc magnetic fields, significantly (30-100%, p < 0.01) influenced myosin phosphorylation. The most surprising and important finding was that variations of the dc magnetic field (in the absence of ac components) were not only sufficient to alter the rate of phosphorylation, but also gave the maximum effect. Experiments with Mumetal shielding, which decreased the ambient dc and ac magnetic fields to +/-0.1 muT, also resulted in a decrease of phosphorylation, to 35% of the control value. Study of phosphorylation kinetics showed a typical ''S'' shaped enzyme- substrate dependence, which again was modified by the dc field. Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on Morphology and Mitochondrial Activity of Breast Cancer Cell Line-MCF7. Johann S; Lederer T; Mikorey S; Kraus W; Blumel G Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p127-132 MAR 1993 *Cells of the breast cancer cell line MCF7 were exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF). A sinusoidal signal (12 h/day) was generated by a function generator with a frequency of 20 Hz and a maximum magnetic induction of 5.3 mT. After 6 days EMF subjected cells showed a significant increase in mitochondrial activity as shown by MTT-assay. At the same time EMF exposed cells investigated by scanning electron microscopy indicated intensified membrane ruffling and pronounced microvilli development compared with control cells. DNA Mutations and 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields. Nafziger J; Desjobert H; Benamar B; Guillosson JJ; Adolphe M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p133-141 MAR 1993 *The results of various epidemiological studies indicate that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) might increase the risk of cancer and leukaemia. We therefore investigated the potentially mutagenic effects of EMFs (50 Hz, 10(-6) or 10(-5) T) since most carcinogens are mutagens. For this purpose we conducted two short-term tests used to detect the mutagenicity of chemicals: the Ames test with four mutant Salmonella typhimurium strains, and the HGPRT test, with V79 hamster lung fibroblasts. In addition, Southern blot analysis was performed on the DNA of human virus- transformed lymphoblastoid cells, to detect possible promoting effects of EMFs. No increase in the number of bacterial revertants was seen in the Ames test, neither did the number of fibroblast V79 cell mutant frequencies increase in the HGPRT test. Southern blot analysis disclosed no DNA mutations in the virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cells. The negative results of these three experiments indicate that low levels of EMFs probably do not induce DNA mutations, However, further studies with various times of exposure are required to rule out the possibility that the EMF inductions tested here have any mutational effects. The Action of 50 Hz Magnetic and Electric Fields upon Cell Proliferation and Cyclic AMP Content of Cultured Mammalian Cells. Schimmelpfeng J; Dertinger H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p143-150 MAR 1993 *Mouse fibroblasts were treated for 1 h with sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic or electric fields. For magnetic field exposure, an iron magnet with air gap and an open solenoid were used. The electric field was applied to the cells cultured on a membraneous substratum via electrodes immersed into the medium below and above the cultures. After an additional 6 h of field-free incubation, cell proliferation and cell cycle effects were measured. The magnetic field of the iron magnet (2 mT flux density) caused a small but statistically significant decrease in the mean DNA content of the exposed cell population, whereas the electric field (0.25 mA/cm2 current density, corresponding to approximately 70 mV/cm field strength) acted in the opposite way. Cell cycle analysis revealed a slight but significant accumulation of cells in the G1 phase when exposed to the magnetic field of the iron magnet in accordance with the changes of the mean DNA value, while an accumulation in the S and G2 + M phases was obtained with the electric field. Exposure to a 2 mT magnetic field in the solenoid failed to induce unequivocal changes in the mean DNA content and cycle distribution which, based on the above results, was attributed to the simultaneous but opposite action of the magnetic field and the electric field in this open device. Cell numbers were reduced to 90% of the control values in most experiments. The intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were increased to approximately 120% of the control figures after 5 min exposure to the electric or magnetic field. This suggests that the action of low-frequency electromagnetic fields proceeds via second messenger dependent processes originating from signals at the cell membrane. Effects of a Strong Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Proliferation of Tumour Cells Invitro. Tuffet S; Deseze R; Moreau JM; Veyret B Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p151-160 MAR 1993 *The effect of a pulsed magnetic field was studied on the proliferation of HeLa cells in culture. The uniform magnetic field was pulsed (square wave, 0.8 Hz). Its intensity was 0.18 T at the maximum. HeLa cells were cultured in either flasks or multiple-well micro plates with an initial concentration of 10(5) cell/ml. Exposure to the field led to a 15% decrease of cell proliferation measured 24 h after exposure. On the Sensitivity of Cells and Tissues to Therapeutic and Environmental Electromagnetic Fields. Pilla AA; Nasser PR; Kaufman JJ Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p161- 169 MAR 1993 *The question of the thermal noise threshold at biological membranes for electromagnetic field (EMF) effects is addressed. It is shown that increased EMF sensitivity occurs when cells are connected by gap junctions (short circuits) in a tissue, as compared with isolated cells. A distributed parameter (transmission line) model representing a cell array allowed the transmembrane voltage to thermal noise ratio to be evaluated. The results show that this ratio increases by a maximum factor of 10(3) at the ends of the cell array as array length progresses from 10 mum (single cell) to 1 mm, a physiologically relevant length for tissues other than nerves insulated with a myelin sheath. The frequency response of the cell array is always at much lower frequencies than isolated cells with significantly higher spatial amplification. This study provides a physical basis, using simple linear modelling, for demonstrating how real cells and tissues can be significantly more sensitive to weak EMF signals than commonly realized. Effects of Direct Electric Current on the Growth of Microbes and Their Susceptibility to Antibiotics. Karba R; Gubina M; Vodovnik L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p173-180 MAR 1993 *The in vitro effect of weak constant direct electric current on the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans yeast was examined. Of the microbes tested, significant changes in colony formation could be obtained only with C albicans. The growth inhibition of C. albicans increased with the amplitude and application time of the electric current. This effect proved to be reversible. No significant effect of direct current was observed on bacterial growth. Increased susceptibility of S. aureus to Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Piperacillin and Amikacin, of P. aeruginosa to Ofloxacin and Amikacin, and of E. coli to Ciprofloxacin and Piperacillin was noticed after simultaneous exposure of the bacteria to electric current and antibiotics. Paramagnetic Attraction of Erythrocyte Flow Due to an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field. Shiga T; Okazaki M; Seiyama A; Maeda N Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p181- 188 MAR 1993 *The effect of an external inhomogeneous magnetic field on the flow of erythrocytes containing paramagnetic hemoglobin was studied systematically, with three experimental setups. (1) The attraction of a narrow stream of erythrocyte suspension towards stronger magnetic field, in a wide laminar flow, was found to be proportional to the magnetic susceptibility of erythrocytes chi, the product of the field strength and its spatial gradient B X dB/dz, and the reciprocal of flow velocity 1/v, and also to the hematocrit h of the suspension. (2) A model flow of erythrocyte suspension in the vessel showed a small change in the radial distribution of erythrocytes arising from a magnetic field, which is proportional to chi, B X d B/dz (up to 20 T2/m), 1/upsilon, and h(< 5%). However, the attraction saturates at high values of B X dB/dz and h. (3) Acceleration of the sedimentation rate was detected for paramagnetic erythrocytes in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, but not with diamagnetic erythrocytes. In short, the paramagnetic attraction takes place with venous blood, and depends on the product of the field strength and its spatial gradient, the degree of deoxygenation, the flow velocity, and the hematocrit. Effect of Electromagnetic Field Amplitudes on Quail Embryos - Preliminary Results. Debouck C; Rooze M; Hinsenkamp M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p189-193 MAR 1993 *To compare the effects of different amplitudes of magnetic and electric fields we have developed a device using solenoids with well-defined characteristics. Quail eggs were incubated and stimulated inside the solenoids for 100 h. No abnormalities and no weight differences between the eggs in the different solenoids were observed. Preliminary results show that only the tibia lengths of embryos stimulated by the highest electric and magnetic field values are significantly increased. Longitudinal Study of Reproduction and Development in Rats Exposed to a 50 kV/m, 50 Hz Electric Field. Brugere H; Pupin F; Lambrozo J Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1- 3) p195- 202 MAR 1993 *Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to an electric field and left in the field until the seventh generation. The study included the survey of fertility, pregnancy outcome, teratological abnormalities, post-natal growth and the research for possible modifications of 15 blood biochemical parameters. The overall results show that systematic effects were not observed in the exposed animals. In some groups, inconsistent differences were observed such as fetal resorptions, weight changes of the pups, and a decrease in alanine aminotransferase concentration. Teratological abnormalities were never seen. Most of the effects detected in some groups can be ascribed to stress. Histopathology of the Harderian Gland of Rodents Exposed to ELF Magnetic Fields. Picazo ML; Catala MD; Bardasano JL Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p203-207 MAR 1993 *The Harderian gland is a possible magnetosensitive organ. The aim of this study was to look at the possible effects on the Harderian gland of mice after exposure to an artificial magnetic field. Sixty 0F1 three-month old female mice were selected for this study. The mice were exposed continuously to an artificial magnetic field of 1 G (10(-4) T) and 50 Hz during a three- month period. The effects were evaluated histologically. The results show, only in the experimental group, non-reversible histopathological lesions with anaplasic foci in 26% of Harderian glands. These lesions also include in situ development of adenocarcinomas. Confidence intervals applied to the statistical studies show 95% and 99% (14.75- 41.13 and 11.54-45.72, respectively). Tumor Treatment by Direct Electric Current - Tumor Temperature and pH, Electrode Material and Configuration. Miklavcic D; Sersa G; Kryzanowski M; Novakovic S; Bobanovic F; Golouh R; Vodovnik L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p209-220 MAR 1993 *Electrotherapy with low-level direct current has been suggested as an effective regional cancer treatment. A great variety of electrode materials, their placement with respect to tumor (i.e. electrode configurations) current levels and therapeutic schedules have been employed to date. In our paper the impact of electrode materials and configurations was studied, employing the same treatment parameters and schedule, on the subcutaneously grown solid tumor fibrosarcoma SA-1 in A/J mice. The effect of electrotherapy was assessed by tumor volume determination on each consecutive day and by determination of the extent of necrosis along the tumor's greatest diameter immediately after electrotherapy, 24, 48 and 72 hours later. The development of tumor necrosis after electrotherapy application differed for different electrode configurations. Intratumoral temperature and pH were measured before and after the application of electrotherapy in all electrode configurations used. Irrespective of the electrode configuration the intratumoral temperature was unchanged by electrotherapy. Considerable variations in pH were revealed for configurations where one electrode was inserted into the tumor, whereas in configurations with both electrodes outside, the tumor pH remained unchanged by electrotherapy. Electrodes made of platinum, platinum (90%): iridium (10%) alloy, gold, silver and titanium were used for current delivery, and significant tumor growth retardation was achieved irrespective of electrode configuration and material (p < 0.001, Mann- Whitney Rank- Sum test). In addition to possible toxicity arising from dissolved metal ions and products of electrochemical reactions, which may result from electrolysis, direct effects of current on tumor and immune cells are suggested. Endogenous Potentials in 2 Different Models of Human Skin Injuries. Jercinovic A; Bobanovic F; Vodovnik L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p221-227 MAR 1993 *The present study deals with endogenous potentials of skin injuries in humans and their role in the healing process. Two different models of injured skin were examined: experimental abrasion on forearm and sacral pressure sore. The preliminary results consistently demonstrate positive and markedly higher potentials at the injury sites of both types of wounds (ranging from 22 to 54 mV), compared with the potential of intact skin surface. The effects of electrical stimulation on endogenous potentials of pressure sores were also investigated. Preliminary Results in Electromagnetic Field Treatment of Osteonecrosis. Hinsenkamp M; Hauzeur JP; Sintzoff S Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p229-235 MAR 1993 *Preliminary results of electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment of 23 patients having 37 osteonecroses including 35 femoral heads and 2 femoral condyles are analysed. The staging was established systematically by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone biopsy. Bilateral lesions are present in 60% of the cases. The Ficat stages have the following distribution: F I, 3; F II, 8; F III, 23; F IV, 3. The mean period of follow-up is 36 months. The results are presented for the different stages. Comparison is made with the results found in the literature. Achi2 test reveals a significant difference in favour of the EMF stimulation applied to well-defined lesions. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields - Environmental Exposure Levels, Epidemiological Studies and Risk Assessment. Grandolfo M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p239- 252 MAR 1993 *Electromagnetic fields are products of technological advances to which virtually everyone is exposed, and environmental exposure levels have increased greatly in the last century. It is, consequently, appropriate to inquire as to whether there are adverse side effects from interactions between non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and living organisms, including man. Possible links between exposure to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields and increased cancer risk have become an important issue for the scientific community, environmental groups, and the electric utility industry, as well as for the general public. In this paper, the issues that affect the weight given to epidemiological evidence and the rationale for establishing exposure limits will be reviewed. Electromagnetic Fields and Neoplasms with Special Reference to Extremely Low Frequencies. Szmigielski S Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p253-264 MAR 1993 *The available documentation from epidemiologic and experimental investigations that indicates links between exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and cancer development has been evaluated in search of possible causal relationships. Of 29 epidemiologic studies published in the last decade 22 indicate increased risk of neoplasms in residents living in houses with an above-average background 50/60 Hz magnetic field flux (above 3 mG), or in certain occupations with probable exposure to EMFs during work. The strength of association and consistency were found reasonably convincing, while temporal relationships to past EMF exposure of cancer victims is not satisfactorily documented in the retrospective epidemiologic studies. Experimental evidence for the possible cancer- promoting properties of ELF EMFs arose only from studies of cellular effects in vitro; there are no acceptable animal studies offering convincing evidence for or against links between ELFs and carcinogenesis. Single cellular studies indicate that weak ELFs (or ELF-modulated microwave fields) may exert effects similar to chemical cancer promoters (e.g. phorbol esters) or enhance the promoting capability of these chemicals. Two theories try to explain mechanisms for the possible cancer-related properties of ELF EMFs, but neither are supported by acceptable experimental evidence. Lack of data from animal experiments further lowers support for the above theories. In summary, it is proposed that the available information only allows ELF EMFs to be classed as possible carcinogens for humans. Animal experiments, as well as prospective epidemiologic studies with more closely defined exposure conditions are needed in order to progress the understanding of health risks related to environmental and occupational EMF exposure. Identification of the Magnetic Fields Generated by Welding Machines. Szuba M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p265-271 MAR 1993 *Welding-process devices are one of the major sources of strong magnetic fields. The circuits' currents can reach values of many kiloamperes. Taking into account the fact that the work place of the welding-machine operator is located a small distance from the circuit of the high current and that the operating worker is under the influence of strong magnetic fields, one has to assume that electric welders may be a real danger to the health of the workers. Using the theory of vector potential, the magnetic fields generated by a typical configuration of electrodes were calculated. To experimentally verify the proposed procedure of calculation, the magnetic fields near a typical welding machine were measured. All measurements were made with the aid of an H- meter equipped with a coil flux probe. Statistical verification of the theoretical calculation and measurements for all components and total magnetic fields are presented. Ach Receptor Channels Interaction with MW Fields. Tarricone L; Cito C; Dinzeo G Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p275-285 MAR 1993 *In previous works we studied the response of voltage- dependent ionic-channel gating to electromagnetic (EM) fields. We considered the channel to be a stochastic state- machine, flipping randomly from one state to another, and the incident EM field as a modifier of transitions among states. In this work we want to extend this approach to ligand-dependent channels, and specifically to acetylcholine (Ach) channels, since there is a good number of experimental results on which we could base our work. A five state model has been developed, starting from experimental data, both for the unexposed and for the exposed channel. The comparison between the two sets of parameters, and the observation of some interesting differences (for instance: the changes in mean dwell-times, in affinity, and efficacy of the ligand) have driven us to think that there is a straight effect of microwave fields on the receptor structure. A particular subunit, the delta one, of the receptor, seems to be the most probable site of interaction between EM fields and channels. Effect of Low-Intensity Microwaves on the Behaviour of Cortical Neurons. Chizhenkova RA; Safroshkina AA Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p287-291 MAR 1993 *It has been shown that microwave exposure (wavelength 37.5 cm, power density 0.1-0.5 mW/cm2, exposure time 1 min) of an unanesthetized rabbit's head produces shifts in cortical neuron activity. The microwaves have practically no influence on the mean frequency of neuronal discharge but affect considerably the spike flow pattern of cortical neuron populations. In particular, the discharge peaks decreased in number and increased in duration, and the total time they took in the spike flow also increased. Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier Induced by 915 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation, Continuous Wave and Modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz. Salford LG; Brun A; Eberhardt JL; Persson BRR Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p293-301 MAR 1993 *The biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the BBB after exposure to the various EMF - components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans-blue- labelled proteins which do not normally pass the BBB of rats. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a TEM cell to 915 MHz microwaves as continuous waves and modulated at various low frequencies (8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz). The rats were not anaesthetized during the exposure. After exposure the brains were perfused first with saline for 3-4 minutes and then with 4% formaldehyde. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 mum. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 out of 62 of the controls and in 56 out of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. With continuous waves these are 14 positive findings out of 35 which differs significantly from the results obtained with the controls (p = 0.0002). With pulsed 915 MHz microwaves at modulation frequencies of 200, 50, 16 and 8 Hz, 42 findings out of 149 were positive, which is significant at the p = 0.001 level. This reveals that both continuous and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves are able to open up the BBB for albumin passage. However, there is no significant difference between continuous and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves in this respect. The question of whether the opening of the BBB constitutes a health hazard requires further investigation. Analysis of the Effects of Pulsed Microwaves on Cardiac Activity. Tamburello CC; Tine G; Zanforlin L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p303-311 MAR 1993 *The exposure of isolated chick embryo hearts to 2.45 GHz pulse modulated microwaves has identified certain phenomena: (1) when the heartbeat was irregular, an appropriate pulse repetition rate caused regularization; (2) during regular beating, an increase of pulse repetition rate similarly increased the heartbeat frequency, until an irregular heartbeat appeared; (3) by applying microwaves, when an arrhythmia occurs, a regular beat appeared after a few seconds. Time correlation between the heartbeat and the modulating pulses revealed that regularization occurs when the modulation pulses, at a frequency close to the natural unperturbed heartbeat, were applied in the ventricular diastolic phase. These results suggest that modulated microwaves can modify the heartbeat acting on the membrane current due to calcium ion conductance. Using the Noble and Noble model for sinus-atrial node cells, we simulated the effects of microwaves on the electrical activity of the heart, modifying the calcium-dependent currents. The regularization and synchronization phenomena were simulated, obtaining numerical results in reasonable agreement to experimental values. Experimental Studies of Brain Tumour Development During Exposure to Continuous and Pulsed 915 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation. Salford LG; Brun A; Persson BRR; Eberhardt J Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p313-318 MAR 1993 *It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act as a promoter late in the carcinogenesis process. To date, however, no convincing laboratory evidence has been obtained indicating that EMFs cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. The effects of EMF exposure in a rat brain glioma model were investigated. The exposure consisted of 915 MHz microwaves, both as continuous waves (1 W), and modulated with 4, 8, 16 and 200 Hz in 0.5 ms pulses and 50 Hz in 6 ms pulses (2 W per pulse). Fischer 344 rats of both sexes, weighing 150-250 g, were used in the experiments. 5000 RG2 cells in 5 mul nutrient solution were injected by the stereotaxic technique into the head of the right caudate nucleus in 37 experimental rats and 37 matched controls. The exposed animals were kept unanaesthetized in well ventilated transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cells producing 915 MHz continuous or modulated microwaves. Exposure was started on day five after inoculation. The animals were exposed for 7 h d-1 for 5 d per week during two to three weeks. The controls were kept in an identical TEM cell without EMF exposure. All brains were examined histopathologically and the tumour size was determined. Our study does not show a significant difference in tumour size between animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, and those not exposed. Our preliminary results do not support that even an extensive daily exposure to EMF promotes tumour growth when given from the fifth day after the start of tumour growth in the rat brain until the death of the animal which by then has a large brain tumour. Further studies with higher specific absorption rate levels are in progress. The Rate of Elimination of Chromosomal Aberrations After Accidental Exposure to Microwave Radiation. Garajvrhovac V; Fucic A; Pevalekkozlina B Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1- 3) p319-325 MAR 1993 *Analysis of structural chromosome aberrations was performed in a group of radar station personnel who were engaged in repairing radar devices a couple of days earlier. Test results showed a major decline from the values recorded by regular mutagenic monitoring in terms of a significantly increased number of chromosome breaks, acentric fragments, dicentric and polycentric chromosomes with accompanying fragments, ring chromosomes and chromatid interchange. Multiply repeated mutagenic testing demonstrated for all subjects a fall in the total number of chromosome aberrations as a function of time. During a 30-week- long follow-up study a decrease in the total number of chromosome aberrations was observed. In the same period the presence of unstable aberrations such as dicentrics and ring chromosomes persisted, together with a relatively unchanged incidence of stable aberrations. Immunomodulating Effect of Microwaves and Ultrahigh Frequency Electric Field in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sidorov VD; Pershin SB Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p327-330 MAR 1993 New COST Project 244 - Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Koren Z Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p333-338 MAR 1993 *This new project has been initiated within the COST framework. This report outlines the reasons, the approach and the activities which resulted in the proposal of the project. The original document (Annexe 1) shows the aims, the subject matter and direction of the research, and the organizational structure of the project. The purpose of this article is (besides the official channels which are available to National COST Coordinators) to provide the scientific community with the opportunity to see the project proposal, since they have the opportunity to take part in it. Effects of 45-Hz Magnetic Fields on the Functional State of the Human Brain. Lyskov EB; Juutilainen J; Jousmaki V; Partanen J; Medvedev S; Hanninen O Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p87-95 1993 *The influence of sinusoidal 45-Hz magnetic fields on the brain functions of 20 volunteers was investigated in a double-blind study using spectral analysis of EEG and measurements of Omega potentials and reaction time (RT). The field strength was 1,000 A/m (1.26 mT) and the duration of exposure was 1 h. Ten volunteers were exposed to a continuous field and ten received an intermittent exposure (1 s on/1 s off). Each person received one real and one sham exposure. One half of the volunteers got the real exposure first and the sham treatment after at least 24 h. For the rest, the sequence was inverse. The measurements of EEG, omega potentials and RT were performed before and after each exposure. Several statistically significant changes were observed, most of them after intermittent exposure. In the EEG, an increase of alpha (7.6-13.9 Hz) activity and a decrease of delta (1.5-3.9 Hz) activity were observed. Beta waves (14.2-20 Hz) increased in the frontal derivations as did the total power in occipital derivations. The mean and peak frequencies of EEG increased mainly in the frontal derivations. No direct effects on RT were seen. Learning to perform the RT test (decrease of RT in repeated trials), however, seemed to be affected by the exposure. The persons who received real exposure first learned more slowly than those who got sham exposure first. Further experiments are necessary to confirm the findings and for understanding the mechanisms of the effects. Effects of Exposure to a Circularly Polarized 50-Hz Magnetic Field on Plasma and Pineal Melatonin Levels in Rats. Kato M; Honma K; Shigemitsu T; Shiga Y Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p97- 106 1993 *We sought to determine whether a 6-week exposure to a 50- Hz rotating magnetic field influences melatonin synthesis by 11-18 week-old Wistar-King male rats. Rats were exposed continuously to a rotating magnetic field at 1, 5, 50, or 250 muT (spatial vector rms) for 6 weeks, except for twice- weekly breaks of about 2 h for cleaning of cages and feeding. The rats were housed in exposure and sham- exposure facilities, which were located in the same room, under a 12:12 light-dark photoperiod (lights on at 06:00 h). The room was constantly illuminated by 4 small, dim red lights (<0.07 lux in dark period). Levels of plasma and pineal gland melatonin were determined by radioimmunoassay. A significant decrease of melatonin was observed between the control group and groups exposed to a magnetic field at a flux density in excess of 1 muT during the night time, but no statistical differences were found among the exposed groups. These results indicate that subchronic exposure of albino rats to a 50-Hz rotating magnetic field influences melatonin production and secretion by the pineal gland. 50-Hz Magnetic Field Exposure System for Small Animals. Shigemitsu T; Takeshita K; Shiga Y; Kato M Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p107-116 1993 *The design, construction, and results of evaluation of an animal-exposure system for the study of biological effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields are described. The system uses a square coil arrangement based on a modification of the Helmholtz coil. Due to the cubic configuration of this exposure system, horizontal and vertical magnetic fields as high as 0.3 mT can be generated. Circularly polarized magnetic fields can also be generated by changing the current and phase difference between two sets of coils. Tests were made for uniformity of the magnetic field, stray fields, sham-exposure ratio of stray field, changes of temperature and humidity, light intensity and distribution inside the animal-housing space, and noise due to air-conditioning equipment. Variation of the magnetic field was less than 2% inside the animal housing. The stray-field level inside the sham-exposure system is less than 2% of experimental exposure levels. The system can be used for simultaneous exposure of 48 rats (2 to a cage) or 96 mice (4 to a cage). Misclassification of ELF Occupational Exposure Resulting from Spatial Variation of the Magnetic Field. Delpizzo V Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p117-130 1993 *The adequacy of a single hip- or chest-worn magnetic field dosimeter to reliably classify subjects with respect to their occupational ELF magnetic field exposure is investigated. Hip- worn dosimeters consistently underestimate both whole-body average exposure and head exposure, tentatively regarded here as two possible definitions of the ''true'' exposure measurement. The approximate resulting bias in the relative risk estimate in hypothetical case- control studies is evaluated. A chest- worn dosimeter is found to be generally superior to a hip- worn one in assessing exposure during the occupational tasks considered here. Effects of Magnetic Fields on Mammary Tumor Development Induced by 7,12- Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in Rats. Mevissen M; Stamm A; Buntenkotter S; Zwingelberg R; Wahnschaffe U; Loscher W Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p131-143 1993 *A series of epidemiological studies have indicated associations between exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) and a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. In order to test the possibility that MF acts as a cancer promoter or copromoter, four separate experiments have been conducted in rats in which the effects of chronic exposure to MFs on the development of mammary tumors induced by 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) were determined. Female rats were exposed in magnetic coils for 91 days (24 h/day) to either alternating current (AC; 50 Hz)-MF or direct current (DC)-MF. Magnetic flux density of the DC-MF was 15 mT. Two AC-MF exposures used a homogeneous field with a flux density of 30 mT (rms); one used a gradient field with flux density ranging from 0.3-1 muT. DMBA (5 mg) was administered orally at the onset of MF exposure and was repeated thrice at intervals of 1 week. In each experiment, 18-36 animals were exposed in 6 magnetic coils. The same number of rats were used as sham-exposed control. These control animals were treated with DMBA and were placed in dummy coils in the same room as the MF- exposed rats. Furthermore, groups of age- matched rats (reference controls) were treated with DMBA but housed in another room to exclude any MF exposure due to the magnetic stray field from the MF produced by coils. At the end of the exposure or sham-exposure period, tumor number and weight or size of tumors were determined at necropsy. Results were as follows: In sham-exposed animals or reference controls, the tumor incidence varied between 50 and 78% in the 4 experiments. The average number of mammary tumors per tumor-bearing animal varied between 1.6 and 2.9. In none of the experiments did MFs significantly alter tumor incidence, but in one of the experiments with AC-MF exposure at 30 mT, the number of tumors per tumor-bearing animal was significantly increased. Furthermore, exposure to a DC-MF at 15 mT significantly enhanced the tumor weight. Exposure to a gradient AC-MF at 0.3-1 muT exerted no significant effects. These experiments seem to indicate that MFs at high flux densities may act as a promoter or copromoter of breast cancer. However, this interpretation must be considered only a tentative conclusion because of the limitations of this study, particularly the small sample size used for MF exposure and the lack of repetition of data. Repeatability of Measurements of Residential Magnetic Fields and Wire Codes. Dovan T; Kaune WT; Savitz DA Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p145-159 1993 *Several epidemiological studies have been based on wire codes (i.e., categories of electrical wiring configurations near residences) or on in-home spot measurements of magnetic flux density (MFD) as surrogates for short- and long-term exposure of children and adults to residential magnetic fields. We used wire code and MFD measurements that were made in 81 Colorado homes in 1985 and again in 1990 to assess their repeatability over periods of 0-24 h and 5 years. These homes, a subset of those lived in by subjects from the case-control study of Savitz et al. [Am J Epidemiol 128:21-38, 1988], were divided into four approximately equally sized groups that were differentiated by wire code and by case-control status. Eight homes were assigned wire codes in 1990 that differed from the 1985 coding of Savitz and colleagues [1988]; of these, seven were coded as high-current configuration (HCC) and one as low-current configuration (LCC) in 1985. Overall, 37 homes were coded as HCC in 1990 compared with 38 homes in 1985. Coding differences were due to differing distance measurements (four homes), differing ''thick'' vs. ''thin'' categorization of primary- distribution line-conductor sizes (two homes), differing ''first-span'' vs. ''second-span'' categorization of secondary wires (one home), and physical changes in proximate electrical wiring (one home). Coefficients of correlation between MFD spot measurements that were separated in time by 0-24 h range between 0.70 and 0.90. The coefficient between spot measurements made in 1985 and then again in 1990 is 0.70. These coefficients are similar for HCC and LCC homes and do not depend on whether residential appliances were turned on or off. The data show (at least for the portion of Colorado studied) that residential wire code and, more surprisingly, spot MFD measurements, are fairly reliable over 0-24-h and 5-year periods. Design and Characterization of a System for Exposure of Cultured Cells to Extremely Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields over a Wide Range of Field Strengths. Mullins RD; Sisken JE; Hejase HAN; Sisken BF Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (2) p173-186 1993 *A system is described that is capable of producing extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields for relatively short-term exposure of cultured mammalian cells. The system utilizes a ferromagnetic core to contain and direct the magnetic field of a 1,000 turn solenoidal coil and can produce a range of flux densities and induced electric fields much higher than those produced by Helmholtz coils. The system can generate magnetic fields from the microtesla (muT) range up to 0.14 T with induced electric field strengths on the order of 1.0 V/m. The induced electric field can be accurately varied by changing the sample chamber configuration without changing the exposure magnetic field. This gives the system the ability to separate the bioeffects of magnetic and induced electric fields. In the frequency range of 4-100 Hz and magnetic flux density range of 0.005-0.14 T, the maximum total harmonic distortion of the induced electric field is typically less than 1.0%. The temperature of the samples is held constant to within 0.4- degrees-C by constant perfusion of warmed culture medium through the sample chamber. Non-Thermal Microwave Effect on Nerve Function. Pakhomov AG Biofizika; 38 (2) p367-371 MAR-APR 1993 *Effects of microwave radiation (915 MHz, PW, peak SAR 20- 30 W/g, pulse duration 1 mcs, 50.000 and 25.000 p.p.s.) were investigated in isolated frog nerve cord preparation. Nerve VHF heating didn't exceed 2,2-degrees-C due to intense Ringer's solution perfusion. It was established that nerve irradiation simultaneously with its stimukation lead to significant decrease of action potential amplitude and peak latency. Since the equal conventional heating of the nerve caused the opposite changes (amplitude increase), the results obtained argue for non-thermal mechanism of microwave action. Constant Magnetic Field and Laser Emission Influence on Neurophysiological Processes. Volobuev AN; Zhukov BN; Bakhito AU; Ovchinnikov EL; Trufanov LA Biofizika; 38 (2) p372-377 MAR-APR 1993 *The problem of interaction of ionic channels of the neuromembrane when spreading the action potential is examined. The significance of the magnetic field in these processes is shown. Effects of the constant magnetic field and laser emission on the organism are explained on the basis of electrodynamic model of the neurofibre membrane. Action of Millimeter Radiation on the Blood Plasma. Berezhinsky LI; Gridina NY; Dovbeshko GI; Lisitsa MP; Litvinov GS Biofizika; 38 (2) p378-384 MAR-APR 1993 *Experiments on millimeter wave radiation (range 37,5-78,5 Ghz incident radiation power- density 1-10 mVt/cm2) upon index refraction of 2-10% water solution of human blood plasma are presented. Investigations were carried out by holographic interpherometry with sufficient sensitivity for estimating the index refraction -10(-6). Index refraction variations in 2% water solution of human blood plasma are detected to be equal to 10(- 4). Such index refraction variations upon millimeter wave is one order greater than that of the temperature effect and two order greater than the sensitivity of settlement. The mechanism of these penomena is discussed. Wavelength-Dependent Effects of Light on Magnetic Compass Orientation in Drosophila- Melanogaster. Phillips JB; Sayeed O Journal of Comparative Physiology A - Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology; 172 (3) p303-308 APR 1993 *1. Wildtype Oregon-R Drosophila melanogaster were trained in the ambient magnetic field to a horizontal gradient of 365 nm light emanating from one of the 4 cardinal compass directions and were subsequently tested in a visually- symmetrical, radial 8-arm maze in which the magnetic field alignment could be varied. When tested under 365 nm light, flies exhibited consistent magnetic compass orientation in the direction from which light had emanated in training. 2. When the data were analyzed by sex, males exhibited a strong and consistent magnetic compass response while females were randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic field. 3. When tested under 500 nm light of the same quantal flux, females were again randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic field, while males exhibited a 90-degrees clockwise shift in magnetic compass orientation relative to the trained direction. 4. This wavelength-dependent shift in the direction of magnetic compass orientation suggests that Drosophila may utilize a light-dependent magnetic compass similar to that demonstrated previously in an amphibian. However, the data do not exclude the alternative hypothesis that a change in the wavelength of light has a nonspecific effect on the flies' behavior, i.e., causing the flies to exhibit a different form of magnetic orientation behavior. A Study on Skin Tumour Formation in Mice with 50-Hz Magnetic Field Exposure. Rannug A; Ekstrom T; Mild KH; Holmberg B; Gimenezconti I; Slaga TJ Carcinogenesis; 14 (4) p573-578 APR 1993 *In order to test the possibility that magnetic fields (MF) act as a tumour promoter, a long-term skin carcinogenicity study of 50 Hz sinusoidal MF with flux densities of 50 muT and 0.5 mT was performed in female NMRI mice. 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in acetone was applied to the dorsal skin, as an initiator, and exposure to MF was performed for 19 (weekdays) or 21 h/day (weekends and holidays) for 103 weeks starting one week after the initiator treatment. The phorbol ester 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was used as a positive control for skin tumour promoting activity. MF was also evaluated for complete carcinogenic action in groups of mice that were treated with acetone only. Six animals from each group were taken for skin hyperplasia analysis and were killed after 9, 26 and 52 weeks. The appearance of skin lesions were carefully followed and histopathological diagnosis was made for all neoplasms present at death. The statistical analyses on occurrence of skin tumour bearing animals and cumulated skin tumours, with corrections for survival, did not reveal a difference between the controls and the MF exposed groups. The epithelial thickness of DMBA + MF- treated animals was of the same magnitude as for DMBA-treated animals. Leukaemia was a little more frequent among animals exposed to 0.5 mT MF compared to the control animals. However this difference was not statistically significant. Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Gene Transcription. Phillips JL Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p381-386 APR 1993 *Exposure of whole animals, isolated tissues, and cells to electromagnetic fields of various characteristics has resulted in a substantial literature detailing a wide range of effects at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to defining a mechanism by which electromagnetic fields can couple to biological systems and generate this plethora of effects. As a consequence, there has been a growing interest in electromagnetic field-induced alterations in gene expression. Key studies are discussed which indicate that exposure of several cell types to electromagnetic fields that differ in waveform, amplitude, and frequency induced general changes in gene transcription. Moreover, exposure of T-lymphoblastoid cells to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field altered the transcription of genes encoding c-fos, c- jun, c-myc, and protein kinase C. Future studies in this area should focus on independent replication of key studies and identification of which events in the signal transduction pathways leading to gene transcription are altered by electromagnetic field exposure. Beneficial Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Bassett CAL Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p387-393 APR 1993 *Selective control of cell function by applying specifically configured, weak, time-varying magnetic fields has added a new, exciting dimension to biology and medicine. Field parameters for therapeutic, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMFs) were designed to induce voltages similar to those produced, normally, during dynamic mechanical deformation of connective tissues. As a result, a wide variety of challenging musculoskeletal disorders have been treated successfully over the past two decades. More than a quarter million patients with chronically ununited fractures have benefitted, worldwide, from this surgically non- invasive method, without risk, discomfort, or the high costs of operative repair. Many of the athermal bioresponses, at the cellular and subcellular levels, have been identified and found appropriate to correct or modify the pathologic processes for which PEMFs have been used. Not only is efficacy supported by these basic studies but by a number of double-blind trials. As understanding of mechanisms expands, specific requirements for field energetics are being defined and the range of treatable ills broadened. These include nerve regeneration, wound healing, graft behavior; diabetes, and myocardial and cerebral ischemia (heart attack and stroke), among other conditions. Preliminary data even suggest possible benefits in controlling malignancy. Static and Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure - Reported Effects on the Circadian Production of Melatonin. Reiter RJ Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p394-403 APR 1993 *The circadian rhythm of melatonin production (high melatonin levels at night and low during the day) in the mammalian pineal gland is modified by visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., light, and reportedly by extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields as well as by static magnetic field exposure. Both light and non-visible electromagnetic field exposure at night depress the conversion of serotonin (5HT) to melatonin within the pineal gland. Several reports over the last decade showed that the chronic exposure of rats to a 60 Hz electric field, over a range of field strengths, severely attenuated the nighttime rise in pineal melatonin production; however, more recent studies have not confirmed this initial observation. Sinusoidal magnetic field exposure also has been shown to interfere with the nocturnal melatonin forming ability of the pineal gland although the number of studies using these field exposures is small. On the other hand, static magnetic fields have been repeatedly shown to perturb the circadian melatonin rhythm. The field strengths in these studies were almost always in the geomagnetic range (0.2 to 0.7 Gauss or 20 to 70 mutesla) and most often the experimental animals were subjected either to a partial rotation or to a total inversion of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field. These experiments showed that several parameters in the indole cascade in the pineal gland are modified by these field exposures; thus, pineal cyclic AMP levels, N- acetyltransferase (NAT) activity (the rate limiting enzyme in pineal melatonin production), hydroxyindole-O- methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity (the melatonin forming enzyme), and pineal and blood melatonin concentrations were depressed in various studies. Likewise, increases in pineal levels of 5HT and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) were also seen in these glands; these increases are consistent with a depressed melatonin synthesis. The mechanisms whereby non-visible electromagnetic fields influence the melatonin forming ability of the pineal gland remain unknown; however, the retinas in particular have been theorized to serve as magnetoreceptors with the altered melatonin cycle being a consequence of a disturbance in the neural biological clock, i.e., the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which generates the circadian melatonin rhythm. The disturbances in pineal melatonin production induced by either light exposure or non-visible electromagnetic field exposure at night appear to be the same but whether the underlying mechanisms are similar remains unknown. Prospects on Clinical Applications of Electrical Stimulation for Nerve Regeneration. Sisken BF; Walker J; Orgel M Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p404-409 APR 1993 *Regenerative capability is limited in higher vertebrates but present in organ systems such as skin, liver, bone, and to some extent, the nervous system. Peripheral nerves in particular have a relatively high potential for regeneration following injury. However, delay in regrowth or growth, blockage, or misdirection at the injury site, and growth to inappropriate end organs may compromise successful regeneration, leading to poor clinical results. Recent studies indicate that low-intensity electrical stimulation is equivalent to various growth factors, offering avenues to improve these outcomes. We present a review of studies using electric and electromagnetic fields that provide evidence for the enhancement of regeneration following nerve injury. Electric and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been used to heal fracture non- unions. This technology emerged as a consequence of basic studies [Yasuda, 1953; Fukada and Yasuda, 1957] demonstrating the piezoelectric properties of (dry) bone. The principle for using electrical stimulation for bone healing originated from the work of Bassett and Becker [1962], who described asymmetric voltage waveforms from mechanically deformed live bone. These changes were presumed to occur in bone during normal physical activity as a result of mechanical forces, and it was postulated that these forces were linked to modifications in bone structure. Endogenous currents present in normal tissue and those that occur after injury were proposed to modify bone structure [Bassett, 1989]. These investigators proposed that tissue integrity and function could be restored by applying electrical and/or mechanical energy to the area of injury. They successfully applied electrical currents to nonhealing fractures (using surgically implanted electrodes or pulsed currents using surface electrodes) to aid endogenous currents in the healing process. A considerable technological improvement was made with the noninvasive application of EMFs [Bassett et al., 1974] to accelerate fracture repair. This newer technique allowed the treatment of hard tissues without the complications of invasive electrode insertion. In addition, soft tissue injuries were now accessible for treatment by electromagnetic fields. In this article, we will first define the basic problems encountered in nerve injury and regeneration, and then review both in vitro and in vivo studies on the use of electric and electromagnetic fields to stimulate the healing process. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Adey WR Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p410-416 APR 1993 *Life on earth has evolved in a sea of natural electromagnetic (EM) fields. Over the past century, this natural environment has sharply changed with introduction of a vast and growing spectrum of man-made EM fields. From models based on equilibrium thermodynamics and thermal effects, these fields were initially considered too weak to interact with biomolecular systems, and thus incapable of influencing physiological functions. Laboratory studies have tested a spectrum of EM fields for bioeffects at cell and molecular levels, focusing on exposures at athermal levels. A clear emergent conclusion is that many observed interactions are not based on tissue heating. Modulation of cell surface chemical events by weak EM fields indicates a major amplification of initial weak triggers associated with binding of hormones, antibodies, and neurotransmitters to their specific binding sites. Calcium ions play a key role in this amplification. These studies support new concepts of communication between cells across the barriers of cell membranes; and point with increasing certainty to an essential physical organization in living matter, at a far finer level than the structural and functional image defined in the chemistry of molecules. New collaborations between physical and biological scientists define common goals, seeking solutions to the physical nature of matter through a strong focus on biological matter. The evidence indicates mediation by highly nonlinear, nonequilibrium processes at critical steps in signal coupling across cell membranes. There is increasing evidence that these events relate to quantum states and resonant responses in biomolecular systems, and not to equilibrium thermodynamics associated with thermal energy exchanges and tissue heating. Environmental Magnetic Fields - Influences on Early Embryogenesis. Cameron IL; Hardman WE; Winters WD; Zimmerman S; Zimmerman AM Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p417-425 APR 1993 *A 10-mG, 50 to 60-Hz magnetic field is in the intensity and frequency range that people worldwide are often exposed to in homes and in the workplace. Studies about the effects of 50- to 100-Hz electromagnetic fields on various species of animal embryos (fish, chick, fly, sea urchin, rat, and mouse) indicate that early stages of embryonic development are responsive to fluctuating magnetic fields. Chick, sea urchin, and mouse embryos are responsive to magnetic field intensities of 10-100 mG. Results from studies on sea urchin embryos indicate that exposure to conditions of rotating 60-Hz magnetic fields, e.g., similar to those in our environment, interferes with cell proliferation at the morula stage in a manner dependent on field intensity. The cleavage stages, prior to the 64-cell stage, were not delayed by this rotating 60- Hz magnetic field suggesting that the ionic surges, DNA replication, and translational events essential for early cleavage stages were not significantly altered. Studies of histone synthesis in early sea urchin embryos indicated that the rotating 60-Hz magnetic field decreased zygotic expression of ''early'' histone genes at the morula stage and suggests that this decrease in early histone production was limiting to cell proliferation. Whether these comparative observations from animal development studies will be paralleled by results from studies of human embryogenesis, as suggested by some epidemiology studies, has yet to be established. Electroporation - A General Phenomenon for Manipulating Cells and Tissues. Weaver JC Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p426- 435 APR 1993 *Electroporation is a fascinating cell membrane phenomenon with several existing biological applications and others likely. Although DNA introduction is the most common use, electroporation of isolated cells has also been used for (1) introduction of enzymes, antibodies, and other biochemical reagents for intracellular assays; (2) selective biochemical loading of one size cell in the presence of many smaller cells; (3) introduction of virus and other particles; (4) cell killing under nontoxic conditions; and (5) insertion of membrane macromolecules into the cell membrane. More recently, tissue electroporation has begun to be explored, with potential applications including (1) enhanced cancer tumor chemotherapy, (2) gene therapy, (3) transdermal drug delivery, and (4) noninvasive sampling for biochemical measurement. As presently understood, electroporation is an essentially universal membrane phenomenon that occurs in cell and artificial planar bilayer membranes. For short pulses (mus to ms), electroporation occurs if the transmembrane voltage, U(t), reaches 0.5-1.5 V. In the case of isolated cells, the pulse magnitude is 10(3)-10(4) V/cm. These pulses cause reversible electrical breakdown (REB), accompanied by a tremendous increase molecular transport across the membrane. REB results in a rapid membrane discharge, with the elevated U(t) returning to low values within a few microseconds of the pulse. However, membrane recovery can be orders of magnitude slower. An associated cell stress commonly occurs, probably because of chemical influxes and effluxes leading to chemical imbalances, which also contribute to eventual survival or death. Basic phenomena, present understanding of mechanism, and the existing and potential applications are briefly reviewed. Electromagnetic Fields and Cells. Goodman R; Chizmadzhev Y; Shirleyhenderson A Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 51 (4) p436- 441 APR 1993 *There is strong public interest in the possibility of health effects associated with exposure to extremely low frequency (elf) electromagnetic (EM) fields. Epidemiological studies suggest a probable, but controversial, link between exposure to elf EM fields and increased incidence of some cancers in both children and adults. There are hundreds of scientific studies that have tested the effects of elf EM fields on cells and whole animals. A growing number of reports show that exposure to elf EM fields can produce a large array of effects on cells. Of interest is an increase in specific transcripts in cultured cells exposed to EM fields. The interaction mechanism with cells, however, remains elusive. Evidence is resented for a model based on cell surface interactions with EM fields. Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia (Vol 134, Pg 923, 1991). London S American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (3) p381 FEB 1 1993 The Biomagnetic Signature of a Crushed Axon - A Comparison of Theory and Experiment. Vanegeraat JM; Stasaski R; Barach JP; Friedman RN; Wikswo JP Biophysical Journal; 64 (4) p1299-1305 APR 1993 *The response of a crayfish medial giant axon to a nerve crush is examined with a biomagnetic current probe. The experimental data is interpreted with a theoretical model that incorporates both radial and axial ionic transport and membrane kinetics similar to those in the Hodgkin/Huxley model. Our experiments show that the effects of the crush are manifested statically as an elevation of the resting potential and dynamically as a reduction in the amplitude of the action current and potential, and are observable up to 10 mm from the crush. In addition, the normally biphasic action current becomes monophasic near the crush. The model reflects these observations accurately, and based on the experimental data, it predicts that the crush seals with a time constant of 45 s. The injury current density entering the axon through the crush is calculated to be initially on the order of 0.1 mA/mm2 and may last until the crush seals or until the concentration gradients between the intra- and extracellular spaces equilibrate. Light-Induced Photon Emission by Mammalian Cells. Vanwijk R; Vanaken H; Mei WP; Popp FA Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B - Biology; 18 (1) p75-79 APR 1993 *In this work, the light-induced photon emission (IPE) by suspensions of mammalian cells was examined. IPE is extremely low and for detection a single photon counting device with a cooled EMI 9558QB photomultiplier tube was used. The mammalian cells in this study were from different tissues and different mammalian species including cat, Chinese hamster, cow, dog, human, monkey, mouse and rat. The IPE was detected in all mammalian cells tested, but was different for the various cell types, ranging from 4 to 100 photons per 10(4) cells. Although our data agree with previous studies in that the IPE of non-fibroblastic normal cells is distinct from that of malignant cells our results reveal that cells of fibroblastic origin show the highest IPE values. Effect of Magnetic Fields on Membrane Associated Enzymes in Chicken Embryos, Permanent or Transient. Moses GC; Martin AH Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International; 29 (4) p757-762 MAR 1993 Magnetically Induced Orientation of Phosphatidylcholine Membranes. Qiu XX; Mirau PA; Pidgeon C Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1147 (1) p59-72 APR 8 1993 *Lipid bilayers prepared from natural phospholipids orient in magnetic fields with the long axis of the lipid molecules perpendicular to the magnetic field. This magnetically induced orientation was studied at high (11.7 Tesla (T)), mid (9.36 T), and low (4.68 T) magnetic field strengths using lipid aggregates prepared from natural and synthetic phosphatidylcholine analogs. Phosphatidycholine analogs containing saturated diacylated chains (12 to 16 carbons/chain) exhibited extensive orientation of the lipid when bilayer formation occurred by gentle hydration conditions. Gentle hydration involved incubating dried phosphatidylcholine lipid films in excess water at temperatures that were approximately 5-10-degrees-C above the main phase transition (T(m)); brief shaking or swirling by hand was occasionally needed to completely disperse the lipids. The method of bilayer formation significantly influenced the amount of lipid that orients in magnetic fields. Thus the supramolecular structures (and % orientation) above T(m) in an 11.7 T field of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers are SUV (0%), LUV (approximately 15%), SPLV (approximately 40%), vortexed-MLV (approximately 60%) and non-vortexted MLV (approximately 90%). Single layered vesicles prepared by the REV method exhibited orientation at 11.7 T similar to LUV prepared by freeze thaw cycles. Aqueous dispersions of eggPC prepared by gentle hydration exhibit approximately 40% orientation at 11.7 T which decreased to approximately 30% orientation if 30% cholesterol is added to the membrane. Magnetic orientation of bilayers thus appears to be a general phenomenon for both saturated and unsaturated natural phospholipids either with or without cholesterol in the membrane. Detection of Novel Red-Colored, Ultra-Weak Chemiluminescence from Carcinogens. Osada K; Furukawa Y; Komai M; Hishinuma K; Kimura M; Inaba H; Kimura S Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition; 14 (1) p1-6 JAN 1993 *We previously reported that benzo-(a)-pyrene (BP) and methylcholanthrene (MC) emitted blue-colored ultra-weak chemiluminescence (CL) during the metabolism in a post mitochondrial fraction system. In this present study, we used a single-photon counting system (SPC) equipped with a photomultiplier having a spectral response in the red- color region to detect the CL from BP, MC, and 3- nitrofluoranthene (3- NF). As a result, we discovered that a novel red-region CL was emitted immediately after initiation of the metabolic reaction in this system. In the case of BP and MC, each had a double phase CL emission; that is, they initially emitted red CL, which was detected by the SPC, and thereafter, blue CL, which was detected with an OX-71 chemiluminescence analyzer. However, in the case of 3-NF, although strong red CL emission was recorded, no blue- colored CL appeared to be emitted. The emissions of red CL were increased in systems in which D2O was added (final concentration of 66%), and decreased by the addition of beta-carotene or alpha- tocopherol. This result suggests that the main cause of CL was singlet oxygen. Congenital Defects and Electric Bed Heating in New York State - A Register-Based Case- Control Study. Jansson E American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (5) p585 MAR 1 1993 - Reply. Dlugosz L; Bracken M; Vena J American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (5) p585-586 MAR 1 1993 Leukemia in Telephone Linemen. Matanoski GM; Elliott EA; Breysse PN; Lynberg MC American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (6) p609-619 MAR 15 1993 *This case-control study examines potential associations between telephone linework and the occurrence of leukemia except chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a primarily retired population of American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) workers. Cases died between 1975 and 1980. Exposure is defined both by job title and, for workers with complete job histories, by a lifetime exposure score based on industrial hygiene personal monitoring measurements of line and nonline jobs. When the time-weighted average mean for each job is accumulated into a lifetime exposure score, workers with scores above the median for the population show an excess of leukemia 2.5 times higher than workers below the median (95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.7-8.6). Those individuals with long duration of employment in jobs with intermittent peak exposures may be at higher risk of leukemia than those with a constant exposure level. Analyses that allow for a latent period suggest the risk is associated with exposures that occurred 10 or more years before death. Workers with peak exposure scores above the median have odds ratios of 2.4 (95% Cl 0.7-9.0) and 6.6 (95% Cl 0.7-58) for latent periods of 1 0 and 1 5 years, respectively. The data suggest an increasing risk with increasing exposure (p for trend = 0.05) when cumulated scores are based on peak exposure scores. Peak exposures tended to occur in cable splicing work and in old telephone switching offices. The numbers in this study are small and observed differences may- be due to chance. Effect of High-Peak-Power Microwave Pulses on Isolated Nerve Function. Pakhomov AG; Dubovick BV; Kolupayev VE; Pronkevich AN Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) p1-15 1993 *Isolated frog sciatic nerves were exposed to high-peak- power microwave pulses (915 MHz) with the help of a stripline slot irradiator. The nerves were stimulated using twin pulses separated by a 6-ms interval at a repetition rate of 50 pairs/sec. Microwave pulses (0.5 ms or 3 ms width, peak specific absorption rate 33-72 and 6- 13 kW/kg) were either synchronized with stimuli in various manners or were asynchronous (50 p.p.s.). Nerve heating during exposure was within 1.5-2.7-degrees-C. The exposed nerves underwent faster decrease of compound action potential (CAP) amplitude and tracing integral; the effect was microwave-specific since the equivalent conventional heating of nerve produced the opposite changes. The magnitude of the effect had little, if any, correlation with the intensity of the microwave pulses and their phasing with the nerve action potential. CAP onset and peak velocities as well as nerve refractivity were not affected by microwave exposure. Cytogenetic Changes in Human Lymphocytes from Workers Occupationally Exposed to High- Voltage Electromagnetic Fields. Khalil AM; Qassem W; Amoura F Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) p17-26 1993 *The present study was carried out to assess the possible cytogenetic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a means of monitoring human populations subjected to environmental electromagnetic fields. The mean frequencies of chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister- chromatid exchanges (SCE) were determined in 72-h whole blood cultures from 15 workers (mean age 31.4 +/- 5.6 years) occupationally exposed to 50 Hz electromagnetic field from a 132-230 kV electric supply substation. Compared to a control group of eight men (mean age 31.6 +/- 6.12 years), the percentage of aberrant cells was significantly increased (12.83 +/- 1.28% for exposed and 7.00 +/- 0.6% for nonexposed). No statistical difference was observed in the mean SCE values between the exposed (5.40 +/- 0.15) and the nonexposed (5.12 +/- 0.55) groups. Furthermore, the cell proliferation index (CPI) and the mitotic index (MI) were analyzed. The two indices were significantly lower in the exposed group than in the nonexposed one: 1.44 versus 1.60 and 1.45 versus 1.79 for the two indices, respectively. The smoking habit did not influence any of the parameters investigated. Cytogenetic Changes in Human Lymphocytes from Workers Occupationally Exposed to High- Voltage Electromagnetic Fields. Khalil AM; Qassem W; Amoura F Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) p17-26 1993 *The present study was carried out to assess the possible cytogenetic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a means of monitoring human populations subjected to environmental electromagnetic fields. The mean frequencies of chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister- chromatid exchanges (SCE) were determined in 72-h whole blood cultures from 15 workers (mean age 31.4 +/- 5.6 years) occupationally exposed to 50 Hz electromagnetic field from a 132-230 kV electric supply substation. Compared to a control group of eight men (mean age 31.6 +/- 6.12 years), the percentage of aberrant cells was significantly increased (12.83 +/- 1.28% for exposed and 7.00 +/- 0.6% for nonexposed). No statistical difference was observed in the mean SCE values between the exposed (5.40 +/- 0.15) and the nonexposed (5.12 +/- 0.55) groups. Furthermore, the cell proliferation index (CPI) and the mitotic index (MI) were analyzed. The two indices were significantly lower in the exposed group than in the nonexposed one: 1.44 versus 1.60 and 1.45 versus 1.79 for the two indices, respectively. The smoking habit did not influence any of the parameters investigated. Effect of 60-Hz Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Field on Avian Embryonic Growth and Oxygen Consumption. Zhang Q; Tabrah FL; Whittow GC Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) p27-37 1993 *Domestic fowl embryonic oxygen consumption, organ growth and maturity, and growth abnormalities were studied after exposure to 2-, 1-, and 0.5-gauss (G) 60-Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (EMF), throughout incubation. Embryonic growth and oxygen consumption increased after exposure to a 2-G EMF but they were inhibited by I-G EMF. There were no significant biological effects of 0.5-G EMF on embryonic growth and oxygen consumption. Deformities were found in the 2-G and 1-G EMF groups but only in the 2- G group did they reach a statistically significant level. There were no deformities in the 0.5-G EMF group or any of the control groups. Pectoral muscles were most affected by an EMF of 2 G, while the intestine was largely spared the enhanced growth. The intestine was also spared the repression of growth at an EMF of 1 G; the lungs were most affected. Enhanced organ growth was associated with increased tissue maturity, particularly in pectoral muscles. The effects of a I-G EMF on organ maturity were small but, paradoxically, lung maturity increased. Evidence for Dependence of Resonant Frequency of Millimeter Wave Interaction with Escherichia-Coli K12 Cells on Haploid Genome Length. Belyaev IY; Alipov YD; Polunin VA; Shcheglov VS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) p39-49 1993 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was used to study the influence of millimeter electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the genome conformational state (GCS) of Escherichia coli K12 cells. Strain N99 of wild-type, lysogenic strains N99(lambda) and N99(lambda,lambdaimm434bio10) were used. In the 41.28- 41.37 GHz and 51.73-51.79 GHz ranges the resonance effect of low-intensity EMR (10(-10) W/cm2) on the GCS of N99 cells was shown. The resonance frequencies were 41.324 +/- 0.001 GHz and 51.765 +/- 0.002 GHz, respectively. The insertion in bacterial chromosome of prophage X [strain N99(lambda)] and prophage lambdaimm434bio10 [strain N99(lambda, lambdaimm434bio10)] reduced both resonance frequencies considerably. The decrease of both resonance frequencies was proportionate to the increase of the haploid genome length. Shifts of the resonance frequency were not accompanied by change in the sign of effective circular EMR polarization. The results indicate that the frequencies of resonance interaction of E. coli cells with low-intensity millimeter waves are determined by the genome structure. A physical model was suggested to describe the observed shift of the resonance frequency. Piezoelectric and Electrokinetic Effects in Bone Tissue - Review. Guzelsu N; Walsh WR Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) p51-82 1993 Electromagnetic Field Sensitivity. Bergqvist U; Franzen O Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) pR5-R6 1993; Electromagnetic Field Sensitivity - Reply. Rea WJ; Fenyves EJ Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (1) pR7 1993 Exposure of Rats to a 50-Hz, 30-mT Magnetic Field Influences Neither the Frequencies of Sister-Chromatid Exchanges Nor Proliferation Characteristics of Cultured Peripheral Lymphocytes. Zwingelberg R; Obe G; Rosenthal M; Mevissen M; Buntenkotter S; Loscher W Mutation Research; 302 (1) p39-44 MAY 1993 *The issue of potential carcinogenic effects of extremely low- frequency (50/60-Hz) electric and magnetic fields (EMF) has developed almost completely from epidemiological studies suggesting a link between residential or occupational exposure to EMF and an elevated risk of various cancers. Concerning chromosome-altering effects of EMF, in vitro studies gave ambiguous results and only few in vivo studies have been done. In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-term exposure of rats to a 50-Hz, 30-mT magnetic field (MF) on cell proliferation and frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in peripheral lymphocytes of rats following exposure to MF for 7 or 28 days. As a positive control, rats were treated with cyclophosphamide. In contrast to cyclophosphamide, MF exposure influenced neither SCE frequencies nor proliferation characteristics of cultured peripheral lymphocytes. Experimental Study on Photocount Statistics of the Ultraweak Photon Emission from Some Living Organisms. Shen X; Liu F; Li XY Experientia; 49 (4) p291-295 APR 15 1993 *The hypothesis that biophotons display a high degree of coherence was tested by measuring photocount statistics (PCS) of the ultraweak photon emission from three living organisms (cucumber seedling, mungbean seedling and soybean rhizobium bacteroids) with a high- sensitivity single-photon counter. For comparison, the same experiments were performed for laser beam, randomized laser beam, chemiluminescence from autoxidation of luminol and the dark counts of the equipment. Photocount distributions, close to Poissonian, were observed for the three tested biological systems but not for the pure chemiluminescence of luminol. Leukemia and Electromagnetic Fields (Vol 17, Pg 197, 1993). Reizenstein P Leukemia Research; 17 (4) p395 APR 1993 The Effect of Oral Irrigation with a Magnetic Water Treatment Device on Plaque and Calculus. Watt DL; Rosenfelder C; Sutton CD Journal of Clinical Periodontology; 20 (5) p314-317 MAY 1993 *Calculus formation on tooth surfaces is analogous to the formation of lime and scale deposits in plumbing. Magnetic water devices have been shown to significantly reduce scale deposits in industry; therefore an oral irrigator with a magnetic water device may have a similar effect on calculus. To test this hypothesis, a double-blind clinical study was established using 64 irrigators, 30 of which had their magnetic devices removed. 54 patients with heavy supragingival calculus were given irrigators at random after prophylaxis. Instructions were given to irrigate twice a day, particularly the lower 6 anterior teeth. The patients were also told not to floss these 6 teeth which were to be the study teeth. They were examined after 3 months and measurements were taken of the accretions adhering to the study teeth. No attempt was made to determine whether the adhering material was hard or soft so it must be assumed that at least some of the measured material was also plaque. The measurements of the group using an irrigator with a magnetic device showed a 44% greater reduction in calculus volume (p < 0.0005) and a 42% greater reduction in area (p < 0.0001) over the group using an unmagnetized irrigator. There appears to be a statistically significant difference in supragingival accretion volumes between conventional irrigation and using an irrigator with a magnetic water treatment device. Electrostimulation of Cell Metabolism by Low Frequency Electric and Electromagnetic Fields. Berg H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 31 (1) p1-25 MAY 1993 *Recently the applications of electric and electromagnetic fields to various cells and tissues have been developed markedly and surprising phenomena have been detected in many bioelectrochemical laboratories. In order to estimate the efficacy of this new tool in biosciences a review will be presented on experimental possibilities, on biological and biochemical responses of cells directed to electrostimulations of biopolymer syntheses, enzyme activities, membrane transport, proliferation, and morphological changes. Finally, a survey will be given on models for mechanisms of electrostimulation and on the perception of electromagnetic fields by animals and human beings. Similarities in the Proteins Synthesized by Sciara Salivary Gland Cells in Response to Electromagnetic Fields and to Heat Shock. Blank M; Khorkova O; Goodman R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 31 (1) p27-38 MAY 1993 *We have studied changes in the biosynthetic responses of salivary gland cells from Sciara coprophila to two stresses, electromagnetic (EM) fields and heat shock (HS). To characterize the entire field of proteins synthesized, we converted the data from two-dimensional gels into protein distribution curves (%mass vs. MW, %mass vs. pl). The responses to the two different stimuli, EM and HS, are quite similar to each other and different from those of the control. There are new peaks at MW = 30 kD and pl = 7.1 for both EM and HS. There is also a shift of the peak in pl distribution from 5.8 to 6.3 for both EM and HS. A plot of the changes in the two pI peaks as a function of EM field strength defines a dose-response curve as well as the range of the effect. These changes appear to be characteristic of the cellular response to stress. Transcription in Drosophila-Melanogaster Salivary Gland Cells Is Altered Following Exposure to Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields - Analysis of Chromosome-2R and Chromosome- 2L. Weisbrot D; Uluc A; Henderson A; Goodman R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 31 (1) p39-47 MAY 1993 *Using the technique of transcription autoradiography, it is possible to identify nascent RNA chains directly on defined regions of Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes. Changes in transcriptional activity have been identified in 17 defined regions of Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosome arms 2R and 2L following 20 min exposures of salivary glands to five extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields. Many of the labeled areas of the chromosome have been correlated with regions which contain known gene sites based on chromosome maps of D. melanogaster. Regularities of Separate and Combined Effects of Circularly Polarized Millimeter Waves on E- Coli Cells at Different Phases of Culture Growth. Belyaev IY; Shcheglov VS; Alipov YD; Radko SP Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 31 (1) p49-63 MAY 1993 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was used to study the separate and combined effects of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the genome conformational state of E. coli cells. The bacterial cells at different phases of culture growth were exposed separately to right-handed polarized (RP) and left- handed polarized (LP) EMR (100 muW cm-2) at the resonance frequency (51.76 GHz), and to the combined influence of EMR in different sequences. It was shown that the value and sign of the effect depend strongly on the growth phase. The effect changes its sign in all variants of exposure, including exposure to linearly polarized EMR at another resonance frequency (41.32 GHz), at the transition from the logarithmic to the stationary growth phase. Variations in a spectrum of polypeptides bound to chromosomal DNA and their relation with changes in AVTD were shown by means of electrophoresis. The combined effect of circularly polarized millimeter waves on intact cells and on cells exposed to X- radiation is not additive; the effect depends most strongly on the sequence of cell exposure to LP and RP EMR. The Magnetic Field. Marani E European Journal of Morphology; 30 (4) p305-306 1992 Literature on Magnetic Fields in Life Sciences. Vandorp R; Marani E European Journal of Morphology; 30 (4) p306-308 1992 Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on Endochondral Bone Formation. Ciombor DM; Aaron RK Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 52 (1) p37-41 MAY 1993 *Endochondral ossification is a basic physiological process in limb development and is central to bone repair and linear growth. Factors which regulate endochondral ossification include several biophysical and biochemical agents and are of interest from clinical and biological perspectives. One of these agents, electric stimulation, has been shown to result in enhanced synthesis of extracellular matrix, calcification, and bone formation in a number of experimental systems and is the subject of this review. The effects of electric stimulation have been studied in embryonic limb rudiments, growth plates, and experimental endochondral ossification induced with decalcified bone matrix and, in all these models, endochondral ossification has been enhanced. It is not known definitively whether electric fields stimulate cell differentiation or modulate an increased number of molecules synthesized by committed cell population and this is a fertile area of current study. Therapeutic Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in the Stimulation of Connective Tissue Repair. Aaron RK; Ciombor DM Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 52 (1) p42-46 MAY 1993 *The therapeutic effects of electric and magnetic fields have been studied largely for their promotion of connective tissue repair. The most widely studied application concerns bone repair and deals with acceleration of the healing of fresh fractures, delayed and non-unions, incorporation of bone grafts, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis. More recently the effects of these fields upon the repair of cartilage and soft fibrous tissues have been described. In all these experimental systems and clinical applications an acceleration of extracellular matrix synthesis and tissue healing has been observed. A degree of specificity, in terms of the parameters of applied energy and biological response, is hypothesized. Specific Absorption Rate and Radiofrequency Current-to- Ground in Human Models Exposed to Near-Field Irradiation. Olsen RG; Griner TA Health Physics; 64 (6) p633-637 JUN 1993 *To expand our knowledge of near-field radiofrequency energy absorption in occupationally exposed workers, we used coffin- sized calorimeters to measure specific absorption rate in full- size human models. The models were subjected to near-field irradiation at two frequencies at an outdoor groundplane facility. We also measured radiofrequency current-to-ground in the models to supplement a previous study at 29.9000 MHz. The results have enabled us to construct a frequency-independent mathematical relationship between specific absorption rate and radiofrequency current for the given exposure system. Moreover, the results show a favorable comparison to radiofrequency radiation dosimetry handbook predictions of average specific absorption rate when only the vertical electric field (E-field) component is used to normalize specific absorption rate. Once determined on a case-by- case basis, the use of specific absorption rate vs. radiofrequency current curves for any exposure system or condition could be a simple and quick method to determine onsite compliance with specific absorption rate- based exposure standards. On the Spontaneous Ultraweak Light Emission of Plants. Hideg E Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B - Biology; 18 (2-3) p239-244 MAY 1993 *Products and byproducts of the metabolism of plant cell organelles can initiate reactions which result in radical formation. These highly active compounds are capable of emitting light or transferring excitation. If chlorophyll is present, it will probably receive excitation from the radicals and act as an emitter itself, resulting in apparently spontaneous light emission from dark-adapted plants. Spectral and kinetic data suggest that this phenomenon is different from fluorescence or delayed light emission. The aim of this work is to review new developments in the study of spontaneous ultraweak light emission from plant tissues, in particular recent evidence linking metabolic pathways to dark photoemission. Artificial Sunlight Irradiation Induces Ultraweak Photon Emission in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Niggli HJ Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B - Biology; 18 (2-3) p281-285 MAY 1993 *Photons participate in many atomic and molecular interactions and changes in the physical universe. In recent years sophisticated detection procedures for the measurement of ultraweak photons in a variety of different cells have been performed leading to the conclusion that plant, animal and human cells emit ultraweak photons. Using an extremely low-noise, high- sensitive photon- counting system, which allows maximal exploitation of the potential capabilities of a photomultiplier tube, ultraweak photons were quantitated in human skin fibroblasts. It was found that light from an artificial sunlight source induces ultraweak photon emission in these cells. However, the results demonstrate that this induction is significantly lower in normal fibroblasts compared with those obtained from a donor suffering from xeroderma pigmentosum disease group A, a disease characterized by deficient repair of DNA. The largest increase in ultraweak photon emission after UV exposure was measured in mitomycin-C-induced post- mitotic xeroderma pigmentosum cells which showed 10-20 times higher ultraweak photon intensities than mitotic UV-irradiated normal cells. These data suggest that xeroderma pigmentosum cells tend to lose the capacity of efficient storage of ultraweak photons, indicating the existence of an efficient intracellular photon trapping system within human cells ELF Magnetic Fields, Breast Cancer, and Melatonin - 60 Hz Fields Block Melatonin's Oncostatic Action on ER+ Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. Liburdy RP; Sloma TR; Sokolic R; Yaswen P Journal of Pineal Research; 14 (2) p89-97 MAR 1993 *In this study we investigated whether a 60 Hz magnetic field can act at the cellular level to influence the growth of human estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Our experimental design assessed cell proliferation of a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, in the absence or the presence of melatonin which inhibits growth at a physiological concentration of 10(-9) M. In three experiments. continuous exposure to average sinusoidal 60 Hz magnetic fields of 1.90 +/- 0.01, 2.40 +/- 0.70, and 2.53 +/- 0.50 mG, or simultaneous exposure in matched incubators to average 60 Hz magnetic fields of 10.4 +/- 2.12, 11.95 +/- 2.73, and 11.95 +/- 3.28 mG, respectively, had no effect on cell proliferation in the absence of melatonin. When MCF-7 cells were cultured in the presence of 10(-9) M melatonin, an 18% inhibition of growth was observed for cells in a 2.40 +/- 0.70 mG field. This effect was blocked by a 60 Hz magnetic field of 11.95 +/- 2.75 mG. In a second experiment, a 27% inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth was observed for cells in a 2.53 +/- 0.50 mG magnetic field, and this was blocked by a 60 Hz magnetic field of 11.95 +/- 3.28 mG. These results provide the first evidence that ELF frequency magnetic fields can act at the cellular level to enhance breast cancer cell proliferation by blocking melatonin's natural oncostatic action. In addition, there appears to be a dose threshold between 2 and 12 mG. The mechanism(s) of action is unknown and may involve modulation of signal transduction events associated with melatonin's regulation of cell growth. Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Foreign Body Response to Particulate Debris in a Rabbit Model. Dovan T; Zimmerman MC; Bednarz P; Alexander N; Deehan M Journal of Applied Biomaterials; 4 (2) p127-134 SUM 1993 *The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the foreign body response to particulate debris, similar in morphology and quantity to wear debris present in the tissues around loose total joint prostheses, was investigated using a rabbit model. Cobalt chrome pins were inserted into the femurs along with particulate debris consisting of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and cobalt chrome (CC). The particles induced a significant cellular response compared to the control animals that did not receive any debris. The application of PEMFs did not increase this foreign body response, nor did it have an effect on the number of resorption cavities, cortical area, or cortical thickness. Childhood Cancer in Relation to a Modified Residential Wire Code. Savitz DA; Kaune WT Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 (1) p76-80 APR 22 1993 *Several studies have found associations between wire configuration codes, a proxy for historical residential magnetic field exposure, and childhood cancer. The Wertheimer-Leeper coding method was modified by eliminating the distinction between thick and thin primaries, distinguishing only between open and spun secondaries, and reducing the number of categories from five to three. The association between the modified code and measured magnetic fields was similar to the association with the original wire code. The modified code was used to reanalyze data from a case-control study of childhood cancer in the Denver metropolitan area. In the original study, cases were diagnosed from 1976 to 1983 among children under age 15 and compared to controls selected through random digit dialing. Wire codes for the residence at diagnosis yielded imprecise elevations of two and above for very high current configuration homes or modest 1.5- fold elevations for a dichotomous wire code. In contrast, the modified Wertheimer-Leeper code generated risk estimates that were both precise and markedly elevated for the high wire code (HWC) compared to low wire code (LWC) classifications, with medium wire code (MWC) showing little or no increase in risk. High wire code yielded odds ratios of 1.9 for total cancers (95% CI: 1.1- 3.2), 2.9 for leukemias (95% CI: 1.5-5.5), and 2.5 for brain cancer (95% CI: 1.1-5.5) that were not confounded by measured potential risk factors for childhood cancer. These risk estimates are larger than the dichotomized results and more precise than those from the original five- level wire code, though limitations in the original study remain, particularly potential control selection bias. This refined and greatly simplified approach to wire configuration coding may be useful in other studies. Relationships Between Health Status and Working Conditions and Personalities Among VDT Workers. Watanabe S; Torii J; Shinkai S; Watanabe T Environmental Research; 61 (2) p258- 265 MAY 1993 60 Hz Magnetic Field Acta as CO-Promoter in Focus Formation of C3H/10T1/2 Cells. Cain CD; Thomas DL; Adey WR Carcinogenesis; 14 (5) p955-960 MAY 1993 *Disruption of communication between transformed cells and normal cells is involved in tumor promotion. We have tested the hypothesis that 60 Hz electromagnetic (EM) field exposures and a chemical tumor promoter, 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) are co-promoters that enhance focus formation of transformed cells in co- culture with normal cells. EM field exposures alone did not affect the growth curves of parental C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts or daughter mutant cells, UV-TDTx10e. Furthermore, EM field exposures alone did not promote focus formation of mutant cells in co-culture with parental cells under the conditions tested. However, EM field exposures co-promoted with TPA by increasing focus formation in co- culture. Cell cultures were exposed to an EM field in custom-built solenoidal incubators. The field exposures were 1.0 Gauss in a schedule of 1 h epochs four times daily for 28 days. Video image analysis of three independent experiments showed that field-exposed cultures produced 1.9-fold more foci than sham-exposed cultures when treated with TPA. The total area of foci per dish increased 2.2- fold and the number of cells in stained foci increased 2.3-fold. In a TPA dose - response, focus formation began at 3 ng/ml with no difference between field-exposed and sham-exposed co-cultures. However, at the TPA concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 50 and 100 ng/ml EM field exposures enhanced focus formation by an average of 150%. This study suggests that chronic intermittent exposures to a 60 Hz EM field and a chemical tumor promoter influenced membrane-related events by co- promoting focus formation. Electric Injury with Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - Case Report and Review of the Literature. Patel A; Lo R Stroke; 24 (6) p903-905 JUN 1993 *Background and Purpose: A case of accidental electrocution with previously unreported arteriographic evidence of cerebral vein thrombosis is presented. A brief description of early and late neurological complications and current theories attempting to explain the histopathological findings of electric injury are reviewed. The occurrence and persistence of late neurological complications are elucidated. Case Description: A report of an accidental electrocution with 800 V of alternating current in a young man is presented. Cerebral angiography showed a cerebral vein thrombosis. The immediate complications included loss of consciousness, confusion, memory loss, and headache. Late complications of right-sided clumsiness, sensory loss, hemianopsia, and neglect persisted for more than 1 year despite the brain being outside the current pathway. Conclusions: High- voltage electric injury may cause cerebral vein thrombosis with significant early and delayed brain injury even when the brain lies outside the current pathway. Birth Defects and High Voltage Power Lines - An Exploratory Study Based on Registry Data. Robert E Reproductive Toxicology; 7 (3) p283-287 1993 *This is an exploratory study on birth defects in municipalities through which overhead high voltage power lines (HVPL) pass. It was aimed to test the association between maternal residencial proximity to HVPL and congenital anomalies through a case-control study based on data from the Central-East France Registry of Congenital Malformations. Each of the 1688 malformed infants identified through the register was matched with two randomly selected controls in the same maternal age group of the general population. No excess of any specific type of malformation was observed in infants exposed to HVPL. An inverse association was even found between maternal residence in municipalities with potentially high exposure to electromagnetic fields from overhead power lines and congenital anomalies of all types. This was accounted for by low numbers of exposed infants with two types of malformations: skeletal defects and cardiac defects. Difficulties in interpretation of data are addressed and limitations of the study are discussed. If an inverse association were upheld in further work, a possible mechanism might be that exposure to electromagnetic fields may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion of fetuses with anomalies. Delayed Application of Direct Current Electric Fields in Experimental Spinal Cord Injuries. Borgens RB; Metcalf MEM; Blight AR Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience; 5 (3) p173- 179 MAY 1993 *The cutaneus trunci muscle (CTM) reflex of guinea pigs depends on an ascending afferent pathway within the ventrolateral funiculus of the thoracic spinal cord. The expression of this reflex is a phasic contraction of back skin in response to tactile stimulation, which is permanently eliminated by transection of the ventrolateral funiculus. It was shown previously that when a polarized (rostrally negative), weak (300- 400 muV/mm) DC electric field is placed across a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord in adult guinea pigs at the time of injury, approximately 13 % recover the reflex, while sham- treated animals remain unchanged. In this study, a similar approach was used, except that three months were allowed to pass between the time of hemisection and experimental treatment. No recovery of the CTM reflex was observed in 13 animals with rostrally negative fields, 8 of which were followed for at least 9 months, 5 for 3 months; or in 11 animals with caudally negative applied fields, 8 of which were followed for 9 months and 3 for 3 months. Copper Association with Iron Sulfide Magnetosomes in a Magnetotactic Bacterium. Bazylinski DA; Garrattreed AJ; Abedi A; Frankel RB Archives of Microbiology; 160 (1) p35-42 JUL 1993 *Greigite (Fe3S4) and pyrite (FeS2) particles in the magnetosomes of a many-celled, magnetotactic prokaryote (MMP), common in brackish-to-marine, sulfidic, aquatic habitats, contained relatively high concentrations of copper which ranged from about 0.1 to 10 atomic per cent relative to iron. In contrast, the greigite particles in the magnetosomes of a curved magnetotactic bacterium collected from the same sampling site did not contain significant levels of copper. The ability of the MMP to biomineralize copper within its magnetosomes appeared to be limited to that organism and dependent upon the site from which it was collected. Although the chemical mechanism and physiological function of copper accumulation in the magnetosomes of the MMP is unclear, the presence of copper is the first evidence that another transition metal ion could be incorporated in the mineral phase of the magnetosomes of a magnetotactic bacterium. Treatment of Chronic Wounds by Means of Electric and Electromagnetic Fields .2. Value of FES Parameters for Pressure Sore Treatment. Stefanovska A; Vodovnik L; Benko H; Turk R Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing; 31 (3) p213-220 MAY 1993 *Subjects with spinal cord injury are often distressed by pressure sores, which usually appear after prolonged pressure (wheelchair, bed) across the soft tissue which has already lost sensibility and has diminished microcirculation. The healing ability and its dynamics depend on the state of the subject's overall health. Consequently, evaluation of a particular treatment requires careful consideration of as many as possible of the parameters relevant to healing and an adequate criterion for assessing the state of the pressure sore. Bearing in mind these two circumstances, the results of a multicentre clinical study are analysed. The aim of the study was to test two hypotheses: first that healing is faster when sores are also treated by electric currents (ECs) (in addition to conventional treatment); and secondly that there exist differences in the efficiency of the treatment if direct or low-frequency pulsed currents (FES parameters) are applied. The data analysed show that pressure sores are likely to heal twice as fast when treated with low-frequency pulsed currents. EC seems to improve the healing rate in cases where the natural healing mechanisms of the body are not sufficient (chronic wounds, older subjects). Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on Osteoblasts and Fibroblasts Invitro. Mcdonald F Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p187-196 1993 *In vitro assays were made of the effect of a static magnetic field of a neodymium magnet on cellular behavior. The cell turnover rate was examined by the incorporation of radioactive thymidine, and anabolic processes were measured by the incorporation of radioactive proline. Cell cultures of fibroblast- and osteoblast-like cells of the neonatal rat calvarium were assayed to determine uptakes of radioactive thymidine and proline; these assays were performed in conjunction with examination of an explant of the rat calvarium. The cells were assayed after exposure to a field for 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day periods. Cells were exposed to north and south poles with a pole-face flux density of 0.61 T; control cultures were exposed to an unmagnetised piece of neodymium. After sham exposure or exposure to the magnetic field, 50 muCuries/ml of culture media of isotope were added to the culture medium. The cultures were returned to an incubator for 6 h. Then, following centrifugation, the supernatant was assayed for radioactivity in a scintillation counter after addition of 3 ml of scintillation fluid. A statistically significant magnetic stimulation of turnover rate and synthesis of fibroblasts was found, but stimulation of osteoblasts did not occur. Conversely, the explants, which represent the osteoblasts and fibroblasts in an organised system, showed a statistically significant inhibition in uptake of the radioactive label. The data indicate both variability and diversity of cellular behaviour, and they accentuate the need for caution in the interpretation of effects of static magnetic fields. Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Fields on the Developing Mouse Embryo. Frolen H; Svedenstal BM; Paulsson LE Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p197-204 1993 *The influence of a pulsed magnetic field (PMF; sawtooth with 45- mus linear rise time and 5- mus decay time, peak strength of 15 muT, and frequency 20 pps) on the embryogenesis of CBA/S mice was investigated in five experiments based on a total of 707 exposed and 543 unexposed primigravidas. Sham and PMF exposures began on day 1 of gestation (experiments 1 and 2), on day 2 (experiment 3), on day 5 (experiment 4), and on day 7 (experiment 5); all exposures continued until day 19 post conception (p.c.), when they were terminated, at which time the following variables were measured: number of implants; number of placental resorptions; number of living fetuses; number of dead fetuses; number of malformations in living and dead fetuses; and length and body mass of living fetuses. Control dams were sham- exposed concurrently with corresponding, PMF-exposed dams. With the exception of experiment 5, in which exposure to PMF started on day 7 p.c., all groups of exposed mice had significantly more placental resorptions when compared with concurrent controls. The increased resorption rate was not reflected in a reduction in litter size or in the number of litters. A significant increase in malformed fetuses was not seen in any of the exposed groups, or when groups were pooled. Only in experiment 1 was the number of dead fetuses affected by exposure to PMF. The effect of PMF on the implantation rate was not significant. Body mass and length of exposed fetuses were significantly reduced only when the PMF treatment began on day 7 p.c. That PMF-treated mice had significantly more placental resorptions when exposure began on day 5 p.c. or earlier (before implantation), but not when exposure began on day 7 (after implantation), may indicate a causative pre- implantation effect. Because a PMF- induced increase in the number of resorptions has not been observed in other strains of mice, the effect might be strain-related. Effects of Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Fetal Development in Rats. Huuskonen H; Juutilainen J; Komulainen H Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p205-213 1993 *We studied effects of alternating magnetic fields on the embryonic and fetal development of rats. Mated females of the Han:Wistar-strain were sham exposed or exposed continuously to a 50-Hz field or to a 20,000 pulse-per- second (pps) sawtooth magnetic field from day 0 to day 20 of pregnancy for 24 h/day until necropsied on day 20. The respective peak-to-peak intensities of the fields were 35.6 muT (sinewave) and 15.0 muT (sawtooth). Each treatment group contained 72 bred females. Control animals were kept under the same conditions without the magnetic field. No adverse effects were seen in the dams. The mean numbers of implantations and living fetuses per litter were statistically significantly increased in the 50-Hz group. There were, however, three total resorptions of litters in dams of the control group, which contributed to the difference in the number of living fetuses. The corrected body-mass gains (gains without uterine content) of dams were similar in all groups. Pregnancy rates, incidences of resorptions, late fetal deaths, and fetal body masses were similar in all groups. The incidence of fetuses with minor skeletal anomalies was statistically significantly increased in both exposed groups. Only one serious malformation (anophthalmia, sawtooth-exposed group) and a few minor visceral malformations were found. In conclusion, the magnetic fields used in this study did not increase the incidence of major malformations or resorptions in Wistar rats. The increased number of skeletal anomalies and implantations we observed indicates, however, that some developmental effects in rats may attend exposure to time- varying magnetic fields. Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts Exposed to Weak, Time-Varying Magnetic Fields Share Cell Proliferation, Adenosine Deaminase Activity, and Membrane Characteristics of Transformed Cells. Parola AH; Porat N; Kiesow LA Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p215-228 1993 *Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) exposed to a sinusoidally varying magnetic field (SVMF) (100 Hz, 700 muT, for 24 h) showed a remarkable rise of segmental rotational relaxation rate of adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC 3.5.4.4) as determined by multifrequency phase fluorometry. Pyrene- labeled, small subunit ADA was applied to cultured (normal) CEF, which have available and abundant ADA complexing protein (ADCP) on their plasma membranes. Sine- wave-modulated fluorometry of the pyrene yielded a profile of phase angle vs. modulation frequency. In SVMF- treated cells and in Rous-sarcoma-virus (RSV) transformed cells the differential phase values at low modulation frequencies of the excitation are remarkably reduced. This effect is magnetic rather than thermal, because the temperature was carefully controlled and monitored; nevertheless to further check this matter we studied CEF, infected by the RSV-Ts68 temperature- sensitive mutant (36- degrees-C transformed, 41- degrees-C ''revertant''). When grown at 36-degrees-C in the SVMF, cells did not show the slightest trend towards reversion, as would be expected had there been local heating. Concomitant with the increased segmental rotational relaxation rate of ADA, there was a decrease in fluorescence lifetime and a slight, yet significant, increase in membrane lipid ''microfluidity.'' These biophysical observations prompted us to examine the effect of SVMF on cell proliferation and ADA activity (a malignancy marker): higher rates of cell proliferation and reduced specific activity of ADA were observed. Early Pregnancy Loss and Exposure to 50-Hz Magnetic Fields. Juutilainen J; Matilainen P; Saarikoski S; Laara E; Suonio S Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p229-236 1993 *The possibility of an association of early pregnancy loss (EPL) with residential exposure to ELF magnetic fields was investigated in a case-control study. Eighty-nine cases and 102 controls were obtained from the data of an earlier study aimed at investigating the occurrence of EPL in a group of women attempting to get pregnant. Magnetic-field exposure was characterized by measurements in residences. Strong magnetic fields were measured more often in case than in control residences. In an analysis based on fields measured at the front door, a cutoff score of 0.5 A/m (0.63 muT) resulted in an odds ratio of 5.1 (95% confidence interval 1.0-25). The results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of highly exposed subjects and other limitations of the data. Evaluating Exposure Cutpoint Bias in Epidemiologic Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Wartenberg D; Savitz DA Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p237-245 1993 *Epidemiologists who study the association between exposure to electric or magnetic fields and adverse health outcomes often classify their subjects as ''exposed'' and ''unexposed,'' and they report results based on an odds ratio. The exposure classification rule-or dichotomy rule- is typically based on a priori assumptions or arbitrary considerations. We show that results may vary substantially with selection of different cutpoints by which to dichotomize exposure. Further, interpretation and comparison of studies is dependent on the choice of cutpoint. We suggest the use of probability plots as a more informative method of data representation. To demonstrate the utility of probability plots, we re- analyze data reported by Savitz et al. [1988, Am J Epidemiol 128:21-38]. Using a higher exposure cutpoint than that of the original analysis, we obtained larger odds ratios, two of which achieved statistical significance. More important, probability plots of these data showed 1) consistency of results with measures of magnetic fields in both low- and high-power-use situations, and 2) discordance with results based on measures of electric fields. Given these observations, we recommend further study, especially that focused on the most highly exposed individuals. A 50-Hz Magnetic Field Induces Structural and Biophysical Changes in Membranes. Paradisi S; Donelli G; Santini MT; Straface E; Malorni W Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p247-255 1993 *The effects of a 50-Hz extremely low frequency magnetic field on cultured K562 cells growing in suspension were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Exposure of K562 cells at 2.5 mT for periods to 96 hours induced significant changes in cell-surface structure and physiology without modification of proliferative capability as indicated by quantitative analysis. Thus extremely low frequency fields seem able to induce injurious, sublethal cell alterations, and the plasma membrane seems to play an important role in this effect. Perturbations of Plant Leaflet Rhythms Caused by Electromagnetic Radio-Frequency Radiation. Ellingsrud S; Johnsson A Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p257-271 1993 *The minute-range up and down rhythms of the lateral leaflets of Desmodium gyrans has been studied when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency (RF) range. The RF radiation was applied as homogeneous 27.12 MHz fields in specially-designed exposure cells(and in some cases as non-homogeneous radiation of 27 MHz, amplitude modulated by 50 Hz, in front of commercial diathermy equipment). All fields were applied as pulses. We report effects in the leaflet rhythms such as temporary changes in the amplitude, period, and phase. The radiation could also cause temporary or complete cessations of the rhythms. The lowest dose (8 W/cm2) used was still effective. Action of 50 Hz Magnetic Fields on Neurite Outgrowth in Pheochromocytoma Cells. Blackman CF; Benane SG; House DE; Pollock MM Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (3) p273-286 1993 *This study tests the capacity of 50 Hz magnetic and electric fields to stimulate neurite outgrowth in PC-12D cells, a cell line which originated from a pheochromocytoma in rat adrenal medulla. The cells were plated on collagen-coated, plastic petri dishes and exposed to sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic fields for 22 h in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37-degrees-C. Two 1,000 turn coils, 20 cm in diameter, were assembled in a Helmholtz configuration to generate a magnetic field in a vertical orientation, thereby inducing a companion electric field in the dish with intensity proportional to radius. A magnetic-field shield housed the control samples in the same incubator. Total cells and number of cells with neurites at least as long as one cell diameter or having a growth cone were counted within a radius of 0.3 cm of the dish center and within an annulus of 1.7-1.8 cm radii in 60 mm dishes, at 3.6 cm radius in 100 mm dishes, and between 1.9 and 2.1 cm radii in the outer well of organ culture dishes, which are physically separated into two concentric wells. Sham exposure demonstrated no difference in percentage of cells with neurites between the exposed and control locations in the incubator. Exposures were done at 4.0, 8.9, 22, 29, 40, 120, 236, and 400 milliGauss (mG). At dish radii of 1.7-1.8 cm in the 60 mm dishes these magnetic flux densities induced electric fields of 1.1, 2.5, 5.9, 8.1, 11, 33, 65, and 110 muV/m, respectively, while within a radius of 0.3 cm, the induced electric fields were less than 0.2, 0.4, 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 6.0, 11, and 19 muV/m, respectively. For other dishes, the larger radii produced proportionally larger induced electric fields. At each field strength, there were two control dishes and four to nine exposed dishes; 100 or more cells were counted at each location on the dishes. The results demonstrate that magnetic fields stimulate neurite outgrowth in a flux-density-dependent manner between 22 and 40 mG, reaching an apparent stimulation plateau between 40 and 400 mG; no effects were seen at 8.9 mG or lower. There was no apparent neurite stimulation due to the electric field. Although relatively low intensity (greater-than-or-equal-to 22mG) magnetic fields alone can stimulate a morphological response in a cell which is normally stimulated by nerve growth factor molecules binding to membrane receptors, the chemical basis of this response is unknown. The Control of Protein Stability and Association by Weak Interactions with Water - How Do Solvents Affect These Processes. Timasheff SN Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure; 22 p67-97 1993 Selection Bias from Differential Residential Mobility as an Explanation for Associations of Wire Codes with Childhood Cancer. Jones TL; Shih CH; Thurston DH; Ware BJ; Cole P Journal of Clinical Epidemiology; 46 (6) p545-548 JUN 1993 *Several studies of childhood cancer, especially leukemia, in residential areas have reported an association with wire configuration codes. These codes were suggested to be surrogates of electromagnetic field exposure. However, the selection criteria used in several of the studies caused the case and control populations to be non-comparable, especially with respect to residential mobility. Specifically, controls were required to be residentially stable but cases were not. Thus, an artificial association between residential mobility and cancer was created by the subject selection procedure. The present study of 5721 residences in Columbus, Ohio was conducted to learn if bias due to differences in residental mobility, rather than electromagnetic fields, could explain the reported association between wire configuration codes and childhood cancer. It was found that the proportion of homes classified as ''high'' wire code in the non- stable population was 31 % greater than the corresponding proportion in the stable population. This finding shows that high wire codes are associated with homes in which the residents are mobile and low wire codes are associated with homes occupied by stable residents. Thus, as a consequence of this association between residential mobility and high wire codes, studies that created an artificial association between residential mobility and childhood cancer will also produce a false association between high wire codes and cancer. Plasmid DNA and Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Dagruma L; Colosimo A; Angeloni U; Novelli G; Dallapiccola B Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 47 (2-3) p101-105 1993 *Physico-chemical and biological properties were studied in recombinant plasmids exposed to electric and magnetic fields (EMFs). The absence of slow-migrating DNA species and failure to identify induced DNA conformers, suggests that EMFs do not have any obvious genotoxic effect in any of the experimentally tested conditions. Effect of Magnetic Field on Pineal Gland Volume and Pinealocyte Size in the Rat. Matsushima S; Sakai Y; Hira Y; Kato M; Shigemitsu T; Shiga Y Journal of Pineal Research; 14 (3) p145- 150 APR 1993 *Light microscopic observations on the superficial pineal gland of Wistar-King rats were made to examine whether or not pineal volume and pinealocyte size, expressed as nuclear density, at daytime or nighttime are affected by long-term exposure to 50 Hz rotating magnetic field (MF) at 5.0 muT. Determinations of pineal volume and pinealocyte size were repeated twice (April and October) during the year. Size of pinealocytes in MF-exposed and sham-exposed rats exhibited, in addition to the difference between peripheral and central regions, regional differences in a proximodistal direction; pinealocytes in the distal and middle- peripheral regions were usually larger than those in the proximal and middle-central regions at daytime or nighttime. In October, distal and proximal pinealocytes showed significant day-night changes in size in sham-exposed rats, but not in MF-exposed animals. The situations in the two groups were almost reversed in April. Significant day-night differences were scarcely found in pinealocyte size in the middle region in the two groups. Throughout the study, pineal volume and pinealocyte size in each region were generally the same between MF-exposed and sham- exposed rats at daytime or nighttime. The results suggest that pinealocytes in the distal and proximal regions, but not those in the middle region, are affected by MF-exposure; day-night differences in sizes of distal and proximal pinealocytes appear in April and disappear in October under the influence of MF. MF may exert an effect on mechanisms controlling day- night rhythms of pinealocyte size in the rat. The Magnetic and Electric Fields Induced by Superparamagnetic Magnetite in Honeybees - Magnetoperception - An Associative Learning. Schiff H; Canal G Biological Cybernetics; 69 (1) p7-17 MAY 1993 *Hairs on the abdomen of honeybees contain dendrites and a rod and ring structure composed of black particles, presumed to be superparamagnetic (SPM) magnetite. The rod and ring were divided into compartments and each compartment approximated by a dipole. The magnetic fields were calculated at a point P at various locations for a change of the external geomagnetic field from zero to 0.5 G in 0.1 s. The magnetite amplifies the external field at the rod/ring- dendrite interface. The induced electric field and potential difference for a small circular area are in the order of 10(-7) V/m and 10(-13) V respectively. Mechanisms are proposed for amplifying the electric fields in the dendrite and in an integrating nerve fibre. A hypothesis is developed for associative learning of visual and magnetic stimuli. If magnetic and visual inputs are associated in the ganglion and in the brain, very small changes of either magnetic or visual inputs could be perceived. A bee could sequentially follow the images associated with magnetic gradients on a cloudy day and find the food source. A Comparative Study of Magnetic Field Effects on the Dynamics of Geminate and Random Radical Pair Processes in Micelles. Cozens FL; Scaiano JC Journal of the American Chemical Society; 115 (12) p5204-5211 JUN 16 1993 *Magnetic field effects on the dynamics of random radical- radical reactions in micellar systems are reported for the self- reaction of benzyl radicals in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) micelles. The self- reaction rate constants (2k(t)) determined using laser flash photolysis techniques are reduced by 44% (SDS) and 35% (CTAC) by application of moderate fields. One-half of the maximum magnetic field effect can be achieved with as little as 200 and 120 G in SDS and CTAC micelles, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of a single kinetic model where 75% of random encounters lead to micellized triplet radical pairs where micellar escape and intersystem crossing are competitive processes. The implications of these observations in biological chemistry are briefly discussed. The benzyl radicals were produced from dibenzyl ketone. In short time scales the geminate radical pairs involve benzyl and phenylacetyl radical pairs. The dynamics of this widely studied system were examined in detail. For example, for the SDS system, it is estimated that phenylacetyl exit occurs with a rate constant of approximately 6.6 x 10(6) s-1 (compared with 1.4 X 10(6) s-1 reported for benzyl), and geminate reaction with k(gem) = 1.2 X 10(7) S-1. Of the initial benzyl-phenylacetyl geminate radical pairs, approximately 23% decarbonylate, 31% separate, and 46% undergo geminate reaction. DNA Triboluminescence and Carcinogenesis. Orel VE Medical Hypotheses; 40 (5) p267-268 MAY 1993 *Mechanical activation of DNA generates an ultraviolet spectrum of triboluminescence which stimulates a reactive phase of tumor cell growth. Visual Comfort in VDT Operation - Physiological Resting States of the Eye. Taptagaporn S; Saito S Industrial Health; 31 (1) p13-28 1993 *To recommend a comfortable visual display terminal (VDT) workstation design in an aspect of visual ergonomics, physiological resting states of the eye in 3 visual systems, pupil, vergence, and accommodation, were objectively investigated in 3 experiments. Experiment 1 ascertained a positive display polarity (dark characters on a bright background) and an illumination level of 500 lx to be the most appropriate working conditions, by using pupil analysis and subjective visual comfort in 10 subjects. Dark vergence, in experiment 2, was evaluated to be at a distance of about 50 cm from the eye, as an average in 14 subjects. Dark vergence was found to shift farther with an upward gaze while a nearer shift occurred with a downward gaze. In experiment 3, the average dark focus for 11 subjects was found to be 1.4 diopters (D) or a distance of about 74 cm from the eye. The positive correlation between refractive status of the eye and dark focus was statistically significant (r=0.602). The ergonomic recommendations for a VDT workstation obtained in this study are a positive display polarity with an appropriate lighting condition, a downward gaze, and a viewing distance between 50 and 70 cm. These recommendations are considered to reduce visual fatigue due to prolonged VDT work and to facilitate visual comfort at work. Membrane Response to Static Magnetic Fields - Effect of Exposure Duration. Rosen AD Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1148 (2) p317- 320 JUN 5 1993 *The time-course for the reversible alteration in presynaptic membrane function associated with exposure to a 123 mT static magnetic field was examined in an attempt to help define the mechanism whereby these fields influence biomembranes. Miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded in the isolated murine neuromuscular junction preparation, maintained at a temperature of 35.5- degrees-C. A minimum field duration of 50 s was found to be necessary for MEPP inhibition, with the efficacy of the field in inducing further inhibition being a function of its duration, but only for periods up to 150 s. Longer durations were not associated with additional inhibition. The time required for MEPP frequency to return to baseline, following deactivation of the field, was found to be linear for field durations up to 150 s. At and above this limit, recovery time remained constant at 135 s. These findings are consistent with the slow reorientation of diamagnetic molecular domains within the membrane and suggest tight coupling to the mechanism responsible for neurotransmitter release. The limits on this effect are compatible with the mechanical constraints imposed by the membrane's cytoskeleton. Effect of 72 Hz Pulsed Magnetic Field Exposure on RAS-p21 Expression in CCRF-CEM Cells. Phillips JL; Haggren W; Thomas WJ; Ishidajones T; Adey WR Cancer Biochemistry Biophysics; 13 (3) p187-193 1993 *CCRF-CEM T-lymphoblastoid cells have been exposed to an asymmetric electromagnetic signal pulsed at 72 Hz for up to 28 hr. Following exposure, cells were lysed and extracted, and the extract was electrophoresed on SDS- polyacrylamide gels. Proteins were electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes and the product of the ras proto- oncogenes, p21, was identified and quantitated by successive treatment with pan ras p21 antibody, second antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and enzyme substrate. No changes in p21 levels were observed for the first 6 h of electromagnetic field exposure as compared to unexposed control cells. However, from 6-16 h exposure, p21 levels in exposed cells decreased linearly to only 30% of control values. From 16-28 h exposure, p21 levels in exposed cells increased nearly linearly to control cell values. Slot-blot analysis indicated that altered p21 protein expression is a result, at least in part, of changes in the levels of N-ras mRNA. No concomitant changes were detected in either cyclic AMP levels or in the expression of cell surface markers. While the significance of the marked reduction in cellular p21 is unclear, it does not appear to be related to cell differentiation. Evidence for Direct Effect of Magnetic Fields on Neurite Outgrowth. Blackman CF; Benane SG; House DE FASEB Journal; 7 (9) p801-806 JUN 1993 *Electric fields can cause changes in cell responses both in vitro and in vivo. Alternating magnetic fields have been proposed to act through the electric fields induced in the conducting medium surrounding the cells. We have used a simple exposure system to test the relative contribution of magnetic fields compared to induced electric fields in a standard PC-12 cell culture assay, in which cells respond to nerve growth factor by producing neurites. This response to stimulation by nerve growth factor is inhibited by sinusoidal, 50-Hz magnetic fields at field strengths below 10 muT (100 mG). A standard procedure to distinguish magnetic- vs. electric-field effects demonstrates that the induced electric field is not involved. Additional work is necessary to identify the critical reaction site (or sites), and to establish the molecular mechanisms responsible for these results. Frequency-Dependent Electromagnetic Millimeter-Wave Effects on Ionic Currents in the Cell Membrane of Nitellopsis - Nonthermal Action. Kataev AA; Alexandrov AA; Tikhonova LI; Berestovsky GN Biofizika; 38 (3) p446-462 MAY-JUN 1993 *The influence of low intensity (less-than-or-equal-to 5 mW/cm2) Millimeter-wave (38-78 GHz) radiation on the behavior of transient ionic current in the plasma membrane of Characean alp cell was studied under voltage-clamp conditions. It was found that prolonged (30-60 min) microwave radiation selectively affected the characteristics of the chloride current, while the calcium current component was largely unchanged. The sign and magnitude of the effect of microwave radiation on the chloride current was strongly dependent on frequency. Irradiation of the sample in the narrow region (1 GHz) at around 41 GHz caused a drastic decrease in the amplitude of chloride current down to the zero level. In contrast, a 3-fold increase of the chloride current amplitude was found under the irradiation at 70 GHz. The less pronounced, although significant inhibiting or stimulating effects of microwave radiation on the chloride current were found al other frequencies. In contrast to the stimulating radiation, the effect of inhibiting frequencies was not reversed after the offset of irradiation. However, the chloride current completely inhibited by irradiation at 41 GHz could be futher restored by irradiation at stimulating frequencies. The effects of microwave radiation were futher compared with those of temperature. It was found that the amplitudes or calcium and chloride components of transient current increased linearly (al about 20-degrees- C) with temperature by 22% and 10% per 1-degrees-C, respectively, while the characteristic times of current activation/inactivation decreased with the increase of ambient temperature by 8-10% per 1-degrees-C. Characteristic times of both currents did not markedly change under irradiation. However, characteristic limes of chloride current increased significantly after the offset of irradiation. The small effects of microwave radiation on the characteristics of calcium current could be reasonably explained by heating the sample by less than 1- degrees-C. On the other hand, the substantially larger effects of irradiation on the chloride current clearly indicated that these effects were primarily caused by nonthermal action of microwaves. The data presented suggest that the effect of microwave on the chloride current may be caused by the alteration of the chloride channel metabolic control rather than by the dirrect effect on the channel. About Possible Mechanism of Retina Dystrophy by the Electro- Magnetic Field. Shlygin VV; Arnautov LN; Maksimov GV Biofizika; 38 (3) p507-510 MAY-JUN 1993 *A mathematical model is proposed that explains restoration of vision by electro-magnetic treatment of the retina distrophy induced only by pathology of receptive cells. Possible relationship between the treatment efficiency and skotom's localization is shown. Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Initiates Frequency- Dependent Fluctuations of Period of Daphnia-Magna Beatings. Chemeris NC; Safronova VG Biofizika; 38 (3) p511-519 MAY- JUN 1993 *The influence of low-frequency (16 Hz) sinusoidal magnetic field on period of Daphnia mapa heart beatings was studied. Heart beatings were registered by optical method. Fluctuations of period of heart beatings were analyzed using fast Fouries transform algorithm. It was shown that alternating (16 Hz) magnetic field with magnetic induction of 140 muT combined with direct magnetic field (magnetic induction of 21 muT) causes the appearance of frequency- dependent maxima in the power spectra of heart beating fluctuations. The dynamics of the field effect was studied as the phases of its development, rise and fall, as well as temporal characteristics were determined. It was proposed that sensor of low-frequency magnetic field is incorporated in one of the regulatory pathways, controlling rhythmical beating activity. Microwave Effect on Spontaneous Electrical Activity of Cerebral Cortex Slices Maintained Invitro. Zakharova NM; Alekseev SI; Zhadin MN Biofizika; 38 (3) p520-523 MAY-JUN 1993 *The effect of microwaves field (900 MHz), pulse modulated at frequencies of 7, 16 and 30 Hz, on spontaneous electrical activity (SEA) of cerebral cortex slices of guinea-pig has been studied. Microwaves were shown to induce an irreversible decrease in repetitive rate of SEA. Conventional heating with the temperature rise above that during irradiation produced the same but reversible effect. It is suggested that the microwave effect on SEA is complex consisting of thermal and athermal components. Reduction of the Magnetostatic Field Accelerates Early Embryonic Development of Rana- Temporaria. Safronova VG; Uteshev VK; Chemeris NK Biologicheskie Membrany; 9 (10-11) p1164-1166 OCT-NOV 1992 *The interval from fertilization to the first cleavage of Rana temporaria eggs was shown to decrease on exposure to a magnetostatic field of 21 muT and the complete compensation of the Earth's magnetic field. The Damaging Effect of Magnetic Fields on Early Stages of Embryonic Development of Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus- Intermedius. Safronova VG; Varaksina GS; Chemeris NK Biologicheskie Membrany; 9 (10-11) p1169-1171 OCT-NOV 1992 *The embryological effects of direct current (21 muT) and alternative low-frequency (16 Hz, 21 muT) magnetic fields were studied. It was shown that the damaging influence of magnetic fields during the first cleavage of Strongylocentrotus intermedius zygotes does not depend on the exposure time. The abnormalities observed at this stage of development were caused by both direct current and combined magnetic fields. A Critical Review of the Genotoxic Potential of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Mccann J; Dietrich F; Rafferty C; Martin AO Mutation Research; 297 (1) p61-95 JUL 1993 *55 published articles were identified which reported results of tests of ELF (extremely low frequency or static electric or magnetic fields for genotoxic effects. The biological assays used spanned a wide range, including microbial systems, plants, Drosophila, mammalian and human cells in vitro and in vivo. Experimental results were grouped into four exposure categories: ELF Electric; ELF Magnetic; Static Electric; and Static Magnetic. The internal electric fields present in media (for in vitro experiments) and in the torso and extremities (for in vivo experiments) were estimated, providing an index of comparison. All experiments were critically analyzed with respect to basic data quality criteria. Experiments within each exposure category were then compared to determine if results reinforced or contradicted one another. The preponderance of evidence suggests that neither ELF nor static electric or magnetic fields have a clearly demonstrated potential to cause genotoxic effects. However, there may be genotoxic activity from exposure under conditions where phenomena auxiliary to an electric field, such as spark discharges, electrical shocks, or corona can occur. In addition, two unconfirmed reports suggest the genotoxic potential of certain chemical mutagens or ionizing radiation may be affected by co-exposure to electric or magnetic fields. Certain exposure categories are not represented or are under-represented by tests in some genotoxicity test systems that are usually included in minimal test batteries as specified by EPA for chemicals. It is suggested that consideration be given to whether additional genotoxicity testing is warranted to fill these gaps. Review - Biological, Physical, and Electrical Parameters for Invitro Studies with ELF Magnetic and Electric Fields - A Primer. Misakian M; Sheppard AR; Krause D; Frazier ME; Miller DL Bioelectromagnetics; p1-73 1993 *This paper presents material which is intended to assist researchers in identifying and controlling a range of biological, electrical, and other physical parameters that can affect the outcome of in vitro studies with extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric fields. Brief descriptions of power line magnetic and electric fields are provided and methods for the generation of 60 Hz as well as other ELF fields in the laboratory are surveyed. Methods for calculating and measuring exposure parameters in culture medium are also described. Relating in vitro and internal in vivo exposure conditions across different animal species is discussed to aid researchers in selecting levels of field exposure. The text is purposely elementary, and sometimes brief, with references provided to aid the interested reader in obtaining a fuller understanding of the many topics. Because the range of experimental parameters that can influence the outcome of in vitro studies with ELF fields is so broad, a multidisciplinary approach is normally required to carry out the research. The Effect of Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields on Gene Expression in Saccharomyces-Cerevisiae. Weisbrot DR; Khorkova O; Lin H; Henderson AS; Goodman R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 31 (2) p167-177 JUL 1993 *Differential effects of extremely low frequency (e.l.f.) electromagnetic (EM) field exposure on several genes in yeast cells are reported. Transcript levels for the genes URA3, IME2 and SSA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were measured following exposures to a 60 Hz continuous wave sinusoidal field at various field strengths and exposure times. An increase in the basal level of URA3 transcripts was observed as a function of field strength and time of exposure, i.e. a peak in transcript levels for URA3 was observed after 15 min exposure at the lowest field strength used in these experiments (0.8 muT). With increased field strengths (8 and 80 muT) the peak effect was delayed and transcript levels were somewhat lower. With continuous exposure, transcript levels decreased to control levels within 60 min regardless of the field strength used. Transcript levels in cells exposed for 20 min and removed from the field returned to control levels within 20 min. Re-exposure for up to 40 min after a 20 min initial exposure did not alter transcript levels from control levels. IME2, a meiotic regulatory gene, was unaffected by exposure to any of the field strengths used in these experiments. Although these two genes responded differently to the EM fields at 30-degrees-C, transcript levels for both URA3 and IME2 were increased in yeast cells subjected to sudden elevated temperature (37-degrees- C) for 20 min. Transcript levels for SSA1 (a heat shock gene) were increased in yeast cells exposed to either electromagnetic fields or sudden elevated temperature. 50 Hz AC Sinusoidal Electric Fields Do Not Exert Genotoxic Effects (Micronucleus Formation) in Human Lymphocytes. Scarfi MR; Bersani F; Cossarizza A; Monti D; Zeni O; Lioi MB; Franceschetti G; Capri M; Franceschi C Radiation Research; 135 (1) p64-68 JUL 1993 Weak Magnetic Fields Change Extinction of a Conditioned Reaction and Daytime Melatonin Levels in the Rat. Jentsch A; Lehmann M; Schone E; Thoss F; Zimmermann G Neuroscience Letters; 157 (1) p79-82 JUL 9 1993 *Altogether 100 albino rats were conditioned to flee after an acoustic stimulus (1000 Hz). During the following retention period (extinction of the reaction), half of the animals (test group) were exposed to a vertically directed, weak and extremely low-frequency magnetic field (10 Hz, 10(-4) T). Under the field's influence, the animals showed an increased retention of conditioned reactions and had an elevated level of serum melatonin compared with the animals of the control group. These effects disappeared when the investigation was performed in the dark. Josephson's Effect in the Transmission of Electrical Signals Through Synapses. Karp V Medical Hypotheses; 40 (6) p375-376 JUN 1993 *In the transmission of electrical signals through synapses Josephson's effect is observed: the passage of electron pairs through the superconductor slot is accompanied by the radiation of superhigh frequency (SHF) oscillations in the submillimeter range. External magnetic and electrical fields, especially SHF, significantly influence the above transmission process. Acetylcholine is not the source of such transmission but acts only as a chemical valve protecting biological systems from the high frequency of pulses. Daytime Calibration of Magnetic Orientation in a Migratory Bird Requires a View of Skylight Polarization. Able KP; Able MA Nature; 364 (6437) p523-525 AUG 5 1993 *THE orientation of migratory birds is based on a complex of interacting compass mechanisms (the geomagnetic field, stars, patterns of skylight polarization and, perhaps, the Sun)1,2. A magnetic compass develops in birds that have never seen the sky3- 8, but the preferred direction of magnetic orientation may be modified during the first three months of life by exposing naive birds to either the clear daytime or night sky under conditions in which magnetic directions differ substantially from true or geographic directions5-7,9. We hypothesized that celestial rotation, which indicates geographic directions both day and night, served as the calibrating reference7, and showed that a rotating pattern of artificial stars provided a sufficient stimulus to calibrate magnetic orientation in young Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)10. During daytime either the Sun's disc or patterns of polarized skylight could provide the reference to geographic compass directions11-12. Here we report that visual access to natural skylight polarization patterns is necessary for calibration of magnetic orientation during daylight. Red Light Disrupts Magnetic Orientation of Migratory Birds. Wiltschko W; Munro U; Ford H; Wiltschko R Nature; 364 (6437) p525-527 AUG 5 1993 *THE transduction mechanisms and the neurophysiological basis of magnetoreception in birds are still largely unexplained, even though the role of the magnetic compass in the orientation of birds is fairly well understood1. The discussion on magnetoreception in birds and terrestrial vertebrates focuses mainly on two mechanisms: small particles of magnetite2,3 and biochemical bi-radical reactions of excited macromolecules4,5. When the bi- radical hypothesis was first proposed, magnetic resonance phenomena in the retina were suggested as the primary processes4, which led to the question of whether magnetoreception was light-dependent. Homing experiments6 and electrophysiological evidence7 from pigeons have produced evidence consistent with such a mechanism. An effect of the spectral composition of light on magnetic compass orientation in amphibians has recently been described8: under blue light of 450 nm and below, newts oriented as they did under the full spectrum, whereas they showed a roughly 90-degrees counter-clockwise shift when tested under wavelengths at or above 500 nm. Here we report the first orientation tests on migratory birds under light of different wavelengths; the results suggest a light-dependent process that appears to differ from that reported in newts. Electric Fields Modulate Bone Cell Function in a Density- Dependent Manner. Mcleod KJ; Donahue HJ; Levin PE; Fontaine MA; Rubin CT Journal of Bone and Mineral Research; 8 (8) p977-984 AUG 1993 *The influence of an extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field stimulus (30 Hz at 6 muV/cm rms), known to promote bone formation in vivo, was evaluated for its ability to affect bone cell function in vitro. To accomplish this, we developed an apparatus for the exposure of monolayer cell systems to electric fields in a manner that provides relatively uniform electric field exposure of multiple cell samples as well as a rigorous sham exposure. We show that field exposure significantly limits the normal increase in osteoblestic cell number and enhances alkaline phosphatase activity compared to sham-exposed samples. Moreover, these alterations am shown to occur in a cell density-dependent manner. Samples plated at 6 x 10(3) cells/cm2 show no effect of field exposure. In samples plated at 30 x 10(3) cells/cm2, 72 h of field exposure resulted in 25% fewer cells in the exposed samples, and a doubling of alkaline phosphatase activity in those cells compared to sham exposure. Experiments using a 12 h exposure to preclude significant changes in cell number during the exposure show this density- dependent response to be biphasic. Sparse cultures (<50 x 10(3) cells/cm2) were not found to be affected by the field exposure, but increases in alkaline phosphatase activity occurred in cultures at densities of 50-200 X 10(3) and 200-350 x 10(3) cells/CM2 and no effect on alkaline phosphatase activity was seen in confluent cell cultures of greater than 350 x 10(3) cells/cm2. This work suggests that the demonstrated osteogenic effect of this specific electric field stimulus on bone tissue may be initiated by an alteration of the differentiated status of the osteoblasts in the tissue rather than by stimulating cell proliferation, as has been previously suggested. As importantly, a more thorough characterization of this density-dependent interaction with electric fields may help to identify the mechanism of transduction by which ELF electric fields interact with cells. Intracellular Calcium Oscillations Induced in a T-Cell Line by a Weak 50-Hz Magnetic Field. Lindstrom E; Lindstrom P; Berglund A; Mild KH; Lundgren E Journal of Cellular Physiology; 156 (2) p395- 398 AUG 1993 *Applied weak magnetic fields have been shown to affect cellular activity on several levels, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. We have decided to study an early signal transduction event in the human T cell line Jurkat; oscillations of free [Ca2+]i, of the type seen by crosslinking the CD3 complex. Cells were exposed to a 50 Hz, 0.1 mT, sinusoidal magnetic field while intracellular free calcium was measured in individual cells, using fura- 2 as a probe. An acute response was observed with oscillatory increases in [Ca2+]i, which subsided when the field was turned off. The effect of the magnetic field on [Ca2+]i was comparable to that achieved by an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Examination of the Development of Chicken Embryos Following Exposure to Magnetic Fields. Koch WE; Koch BA; Martin AH; Moses GC Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A - Comparative Physiology; 105 (4) p617-624 AUG 1993 *1. Studies of effects produced by magnetic fields on developing chickens have been reviewed. 2. Compilations of the variety of field conditions utilized, and of the consequences of the tested conditions on the embryo, are reported in tabular form for comparison. 3. The developmental consequences, if any, of the fields are also reported, as are those aspects of timing and morphogenesis deemed important in this area. 4. More recent information on biochemical changes in embryos exposed to magnetic fields is included and given weight as a growing aspect of this scientific field of study. Electromagnetic Fields - A Cancer Promoter. Koifman S Medical Hypotheses; 41 (1) p23-27 JUL 1993 *This paper discusses some of the current questions observed in updated research analyzing the association of electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure and cancer. It reveals the predominant efforts toward obtaining more accurate levels of EMF exposure as a crucial key to gain knowledge about that association. A general picture of a molecular biological model of cancer is presented, showing that EMF presents certain compatible characteristics of a cancer promoter. Further, we raise the hypothesis that EMF action is probably linked with other unknown initiator agents, rather than acting alone as presently assumed in epidemiologic studies. Finally this paper reinforces the importance of strong descriptive analysis of potential factors acting together on EMF and cancer association. EMF-Cancer Link - The Ferritin Hypothesis. Shao T Medical Hypotheses; 41 (1) p28-30 JUL 1993 *Biological studies have not yet provided direct evidence for a link between electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and cancer. The hypotheses I present here describes ferritin as a direct pathway for the EMF-cancer link, which is supported by previous studies: (a) Ferritin plays a very important role in its associated cancers. (b) Iron is the principal regulator of ferritin synthesis and ferritin gene expression is induced by signals including hormones and cAMP. (c) Preliminary biological studies have demonstrated that EMFs induce some cellular effects including changes in hormone levels, alterations in cell membranes, variations of intracellular cAMP and even the modification of protein synthesis. So, it is reasonable to link the biological effects of EMFs with ferritin gene expression and ferritin synthesis which are mainly regulated by iron, hormones and cAMP and eventually the EMF-cancer link. Behavioral Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Magnetic Fields in Rats. Trzeciak HI; Grzesik J; Bortel M; Kuska R; Duda D; Michnik J; Malecki A Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p287-297 1993 *Male rats and pregnant and nonpregnant female rats of the Wistar strain were sham-exposed or exposed to static (0.49 T) or to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields (0.018 T) 2 h per day for 20 consecutive days. Measures of irritability, exploratory activity, and locomotion were made in that order before and after the 4th, 10th, and 17th 2-h exposures. A reliable decrease in the irritability of rats after repeated exposure to a static or undulating field was found. No significant effects of treatment conditions on open-field behavior and locomotor activity were observed. Pregnancy had no influence on the behavioral end points. These results indicate that irritability of rats may be used as a simple behavioral indicant of mammalian sensitivity to magnetic fields. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Theoretical Study of the Resonant Behaviour of an Ion Confined to a Potential Well in a Combination of AC and DC Magnetic Fields. Galt S; Sandblom J; Hamnerius Y Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p299- 314 1993 *Numerical solutions are presented to the equation of motion for an ion confined to a region of space by a restoring force and subject to DC and AC magnetic fields. We have expanded on the theoretical work of Durney et al. [1988] by including a potential well as a confining factor. This additional term in the equation of motion, being nondissipative, could allow for the buildup of stored energy within the system to a level necessary for a macroscopic resonant phenomenon. Resonant behaviour has been studied, including calculation of the trajectory and energy (kinetic and potential) of a confined ion, with emphases on the appearance of both amplitude and frequency windows. The results are discussed in relation to ion transport through transmembrane channels exposed to magnetic fields. When realistic values of the frictional and restoring-force coefficients are considered, all predicted resonant behaviour disappears, except at very high field strengths. Experimental Search for Combined AC and DC Magnetic Field Effects on Ion Channels. Galt S; Sandblom J; Hamnerius Y; Hojevik P; Saalman E; Norden B Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p315-327 1993 *The hypothesis that specific combinations of DC and low frequency AC magnetic fields at so- called cyclotron- resonance conditions could affect the transport of ions through ion channels, or alter the kinetics of ion channels (opening and closing rates), has been tested. As a model system, the ion channels formed by gramicidin A incorporated in lipid bilayer membranes were studied. No significant changes in channel conductance, average lifetime, or formation rate as a function of applied fields could be detected over a wide range of frequencies and field strengths. Experiments were carried out to measure the time-resolved single-channel events and the average conductances of many-channel events in the presence of K+ and H+ ions. The channel blocking effect of Ca++ was also studied. (C) 1993 Wiley- Liss, Inc. Influence of 50 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields on the Human Heart. Korpinen L; Partanen J; Uusitalo A Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p329-340 1993 *This investigation studied the effect of 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the human heart. The electrocardiograms of 27 transmission-line workers and 26 male volunteers were recorded with a Holter recorder both in and outside the fields. The measurements took from half an hour to a few hours. The electric field strength varied from 0. 14 to 10.21 kV/m and the magnetic flux density from 1.02 to 15.43 muT. Analysis of the ECG recordings showed that extrasystoles or arrhythmias were as frequent outside the field as in the field. In some cases a small decrease in heart rate was observed after field exposure. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Rats Avoid Exposure to HVdc Electric Fields - A Dose Response Study. Creim JA; Lovely RH; Weigel RJ; Forsythe WC; Anderson LE Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p341-352 1993 *Rats, given the choice, avoid exposure to alternating current (ac) 60-Hz electric fields at intensities greater- than-or-equal- to 75 kV/m. This study investigated the generality of this behavior by studying the response of rats when exposed to high voltage direct current (HVdc) electric fields. Three hundred eighty male Long Evans rats were studied in 9 experiments with 40 rats per experiment and in one experiment with 20 rats to determine 1) if rats avoid exposure to HVdc electric fields of varying field strengths, and 2) if avoidance did occur, what role, if any, the concentration of air ions would have on the avoidance behavior. In all experiments a three-compartment glass shuttlebox was used; either the left or right compartment could be exposed to a combination of HVdc electric fields and air ions while the other compartment remained sham-exposed. The third, center compartment was a transition zone between exposure and sham-exposure. In each experiment, the rats were individually assessed in 1- h sessions where half of the rats (n = 20) had the choice to locomote between the two sides being exposed or sham- exposed, while the other half of the rats (n = 20) were sham- exposed regardless of their location, except in one experiment where there was no sham- exposed group. The exposure levels for the first six experiments were 80, 55, 42.5, 30, -36, and -55 kV/m, respectively. The air ion concentration was constant at 1.4 x 10(6) ions/cc for the four positive exposure levels and -1.4 x 10(6) ions/cc for the two negative exposure levels. Rats having a choice between exposure and non-exposure relative to always sham- exposed control animals significantly reduced the amount of time spent on the exposed side at 80kV/m (P < .002) as they did at both 55 and -55 kV/m (P < .005). No significant differences between groups were observed at 42.5, 30, or -36 kV/m. To determine what role the air ion concentration might have had on the avoidance behavior at field strengths of 55 kV/m or greater, four additional experiments were conducted. The HVdc exposure level was held constant at either -55 kV/m (for three experiments) or -55 kV/m (for 1 experiment) while the air ion concentration was varied between experiments at 2.5 x 10(5) ions/cc, 1.0 x 10(4) for two of the experiments and was below the measurement limit (< +/- 2 x 10(3) ions/cc) for the other two experiments at 55 and -55 kV/m. The exposed rats significantly reduced the amount of time spent on the exposed side at 55 and - 55 kV/m, relative to the sham-exposed rats regardless of air ion concentration (all at P <.005). Thus, HVdc electric fields of greater- than- or-equal-to + or -55 kV/m are sufficient to produce avoidance behavior in rats. Positive or negative air ion concentrations were not significant factors in these avoidance outcomes. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Pretreatment of Rats with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Enhances Regeneration of the Sciatic Nerve. Kanje M; Rusovan A; Sisken B; Lundborg G Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p353-359 1993 *Regeneration of the sciatic nerve was studied in rats pretreated in a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). The rats were exposed between a pair of Helmholtz coils at a pulse repetition rate of 2 pps at a field density of 60 or 300 muT. The PEMF treatment was then discontinued. After an interval of recovery, regeneration of the sciatic nerve was initiated by a crush lesion. Regeneration of sensory fibers was measured by the ''pinch test'' after an additional 3-6 days. A variety of PEMF pretreatments including 4 h /day for 1-4 days or exposure for 15 min/day during 2 days resulted in an increased regeneration distance, measured 3 days after the crush lesion. This effect could be demonstrated even after a 14-day recovery period. In contrast, pretreatment for 4 h/day for 2 days at 60 muT did not affect the regeneration distance. The results showed that PEMF pretreatment conditioned the rat sciatic nerve in a manner similar to that which occurs after a crush lesion, which indicates that PEMF affects the neuronal cell body. However, the mechanism of this effect remains obscure. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Influence of Weak Static and 50 Hz Magnetic Fields on the Redox Activity of Cytochrome-C Oxidase. Nossol B; Buse G; Silny J Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p361-372 1993 *The effects of static and 50 Hz magnetic fields on cytochrome-C oxidase activity were investigated in vitro by strictly controlled, simultaneous polarographic measurements of the enzyme's high- and low-affinity redox reaction. Cytochrome-C oxidase was isolated from beef heart. Control experiments were carried out in the ambient geomagnetic and 50 Hz magnetic fields at respective flux densities of 45 and 1.8 muT. The experimentally applied fields, static and time-varying, were generated by Helmholtz coils at flux densities between 50 muT and 100 mT. Exposures were timed to act either on the combined enzyme-substrate interchange or directly on the enzyme's electron and proton translocations. Significant changes as high as 90% of the overall cytochrome-C oxidase activity resulted during exposure (1) to a static magnetic field at 300 muT or 10 mT in the high-affinity range, and (2) to a 50 Hz magnetic field at 10 or 50 mT in the low-affinity range. No changes were observed at other flux densities. After exposure to a change-inducing, static or time- varying field, normal activity returned. Invivo Studies of the Effect of Magnetic Field Exposure on Ontogeny of Choline Acetyltransferase in the Rat Brain. Sakamoto S; Hagino N; Winters WD Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p373-381 1993 *Developmental increases of the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were examined in the brains of fetuses and offspring from parent rats continuously exposed to a 500 mG, 60 Hz circularly polarized (CP) magnetic field (MF) prior to pregnancy, and further, during pregnancy and lactation. In developing rats between 12 days and 20 days of embryogenesis that were housed in a control unit, i.e., nonexposed to MF, the specific activity of ChAT in whole brain specimens increased from 2.4% to 6.9% of adult activity, while specific activity of ChAT in rat brain specimens between 12 days of embryogenesis and 10 days of postpartum increased from 2.4% to 21.6% of adult activity. On the other hand, the specific activity of ChAT in whole brain specimens from rats under housed MF exposure conditions was found to increase from 2.6% to 6.7% of adult activity between 12 days and 20 days of embryogenesis and from 2.6% to 21.6% of adult activity between 12 days of embryogenesis and 10 days postpartum. Furthermore, the effect of the same test magnetic environment on the specific activity of ChAT in the brains of parental rats was examined in order to determine whether magnetic field exposure of parental rats might reflect onto the development of fetal brain. It was observed that continuous exposure of parental rats to a 500 mG, 60 Hz CP MF did not show any significant changes in the specific activity of ChAT in the septodiagonal band complex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus, striatum, and frontoparietal cerebral cortex, as compared with the same brain regions of control subjects. As far as the development of cholinergic neural circuits was concerned, these test magnetic environments did not interfere in their development and it suggested that parental-fetal intercommunication might provide relatively stable states for neural development, even under these test magnetic environments. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Studies on the Possible Biological Effects of 50 Hz Electric and or Magnetic Fields - Evaluation of Some Glycolytic Enzymes, Glycolytic Flux, Energy and Oxido- Reductive Potentials in Human Erythrocytes Exposed Invitro to Power Frequency Fields. Dacha M; Accorsi A; Pierotti C; Vetrano F; Mantovani R; Guidi G; Conti R; Nicolini P Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p383-391 1993 *An attempt has been made to understand whether 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are involved in producing bioeffects by exposing human erythrocytes in vitro. The study evaluated some key glycolytic enzymes, glucose consumption, lactate production, energy charge, 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, and reduced glutathione levels, all of which are biochemical parameters significant to erythrocyte function. Cells exposed to individual or superimposed EMFs have not shown any significant difference compared with the controls. Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Fields on the Developing Mouse Embryo (Vol 14, Pg 197, 1993). Frolen H; Svedenstal BM; Paulsson LE Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (4) p393 1993 Radiation from Digital Clocks. Aldrich FD JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 270 (7) p879 AUG 18 1993 A Rat Liver Foci Promotion Study with 50-Hz Magnetic Fields. Rannug A; Holmberg B; Mild KH Environmental Research; 62 (2) p223-229 AUG 1993 Incidence of Cancer in Persons with Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in Denmark. Guenel P; Raskmark P; Andersen JB; Lynge E British Journal of Industrial Medicine; 50 (8) p758- 764 AUG 1993 *Several studies suggest that work in electrical occupations is associated with an increased risk of cancer, mainly leukaemia and brain tumours. These studies may, however, not be representative if there is a publication bias where mainly positive results are reported. To study an unselected population the incidence of cancer was followed up over a 17 year period (1970- 87) in a cohort of 2.8 million Danes aged 20-64 years in 1970. Each person was classified by his or her industry and occupation in 1970. Before tabulation of the data on incidence of cancer, each industry-occupation group was coded for potential exposure to magnetic fields above the threshold 0.3 muT. Some 154 000 men were considered intermittently exposed and 18 000 continuously exposed. The numbers for women were 79 000 and 4000 respectively. Intermittent exposure was not associated with an increased risk of leukaemia, brain tumours, or melanoma. Men with continuous exposure, however, had an excess risk of leukaemia (observed (obs) 39, expected (exp) 23.80, obs/exp 1.64, 95% CI 1.20-2-24) with equal contributions from acute and other leukaemias. These men had no excess risk of brain tumours or melanoma. A risk for breast cancer was suggested in exposed men but not in women. The risk for leukaemia in continuously exposed men was mainly in electricians in installation works and iron foundry workers. Besides electromagnetic fields other exposures should be considered as possible aetiological agents. Repeated Naloxone Treatments and Exposures to Weak 60-Hz Magnetic Fields Have Analgesic Effects in Snails. Kavaliers M; Ossenkopp KP Brain Research; 620 (1) p159-162 AUG 20 1993 *Results of studies with rodents have shown that animals repeatedly injected with the opioid antagonist, naloxone, acquire a hypoalgesic response to thermal nociceptive stimuli. The present study revealed a similar response in the terrestrial pulmonate snail, Cepaea nemoralis, Snails daily injections of naloxone followed by measurements of thermal nociceptive sensitivity also developed hypoalgesia. Daily brief (30-min) exposures to a weak 60- Hz magnetic field (1.0 gauss or 0.1 mT), which acutely antagonize opioid-mediated nociception and antinociception in a manner comparable to that of naloxone, also led to the expression of a hypoalgesic responses. This suggests that opioid antagonist-induced thermal hypoalgesia may be a basic feature of opioid systems. This naloxone- and magnetic field- induced 'analgesia' is consistent with either a facilitation of aversive thermal conditioning and or antagonism of the excitatory, hyperalgesic effects of low levels of endogenous opioids. Orientation of Erythrocytes in a Strong Static Magnetic Field. Higashi T; Yamagishi A; Takeuchi T; Kawaguchi N; Sagawa S; Onishi S; Date M Blood; 82 (4) p1328-1334 AUG 15 1993 A Multicenter Study on the Use of Pulsed Low-Intensity Direct Current for Healing Chronic Stage-II and Stage-III Decubitus Ulcers. Wood JM; Evans PE; Schallreuter KU; Jacobson WE; Sufit R; Newman J; White C; Jacobson M Archives of Dermatology; 129 (8) p999-1009 AUG 1993 *Background and Design: Pulsed low-intensity direct current (300 to 600 muA) has been used in a double-blind placebo multicenter study in the treatment of stage II and stage III chronic decubitus ulcers. Results: Seventy-four ulcers were treated in four centers. Forty-three patients were selected for the experimental group, and 31 control subjects used the sham instrument (placebo group). In the treated group, 25 ulcers (58%) healed in 8 weeks, whereas in the placebo group, only one ulcer (3%) healed and most ulcers increased in size. Statistical analysis, based on surface area and ulcer depth before and after treatment, showed that low- intensity direct current had a significant influence on the healing rates for these ulcers (P<.0001). Experiments with guinea pigs (n=10) showed that pulsed low-intensity direct current caused a rapid calcium flux in the epidermis. Conclusions: Pulsed low-intensity direct current represents a useful approach for the treatment of stage II and stage III chronic decubitus ulcers by increasing the healing rate. The growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes may be enhanced by pulsed low-intensity direct current due to changes in calcium homeostasis. Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Police Radar RAMER 7F. Rotkovska D; Moc J; Kautska J; Bartonickova A; Keprtova J; Hofer M Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 (2) p134-136 JUN 1993 *This paper presents results of experiments on the effects of electromagnetic radiation in che millimeter range (frequency 34.0 +/- 0.1 GHz, power density 20 muW/cm2) emitted by a police radar device. Considering the physical properties of the radiation in millimeter range (skin effects), the experiments were carried out on hairless mice. The main physiological parameters tested were body mass, body temperature, peripheral blood, and mass and cellularity of several important organs. Critical organs, the skin, and cornea were examined by electron microscopy. Differentiation ability of hematopoietic cells, progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages, and DNA synthesis in the cornea were compared in irradiated and nonirradiated animals. None of the parameters tested was affected to an extent that would indicate the start of a pathological process or the risk of damage to genetic material. Video Display Terminal Use During Pregnancy and Reproductive Outcome - A Meta-Analysis. Parazzini F; Luchini L; Lavecchia C; Crosignani PG Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health; 47 (4) p265-268 AUG 1993 *Study objective-The aim was to obtain quantitative information from published data on the potential association between video diplay terminal (VDT) use during pregnancy and the outcome. Design-Results of nine published case-control studies (or cohort studies analysed as case-control) on the relation between VDT exposure during pregnancy and the outcome were sought by reviewing reference lists in relevant reports and by conducting manual and computer searches of the reports published in English. Measurements and main results-The nine reviewed reports included information on about 9000 cases of spontaneous miscarriages, 1500 of low birth weight, 2000 of congenital malformation, and 50 000 controls. The results of these studies on each outcome of pregnancy examined were reduced to a single 2 X 2 table (cases/controls exposed/unexposed). Pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates were computed separately for miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformation. Seven studies analysed the relation between VDT exposure in pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: the estimates' crude OR of spontaneous abortion ranged from 0.9-1.2 and the pooled OR was 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 1.0). No consistent evidence of increasing risk with duration of exposure to VDT was found. Two studies analysed the relation between VDT use and risk of having a low birth weight infant: the OR estimates in the individual studies were 1.0 and 1.1. Likewise, no relation emerged from the five studies providing information on congenital malformations and VDT use: the pooled OR was 1.0 (95% CI 0.9, 1.2). No specific malformation pattern emerged. Conclusions-This meta-analysis provides reassuring evidence on the absence of any major risk of adverse pregnancy outcome as a result of exposure to a VDT. With the number of cases reviewed, it was possible to exclude excess risk of 20% for spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, and congential malformations. Lymphoma Development Among Mice Exposed to X-Rays and Pulsed Magnetic Fields. Svedenstal BM; Holmberg B International Journal of Radiation Biology; 64 (1) p119-125 JUL 1993 *CBA mice were exposed to a total of 5.24 Gy X-rays (260 kV, 11 mA, 0.45 Gy/min), divided into four exposures, and to saw-tooth 15muT (peak to peak) pulsed vertical 20 kHz magnetic fields for their life-time. In parallel, series with magnetic fields only or non-exposed animals were run. The animals were observed for their life-time. The frequency of lymphomas was 65.7% in the X-ray group and 71.4% in the groups exposed to both X-ray and magnetic field. Of the non-exposed control animals, and of the animals exposed to magnetic fields only 6.4 and 5.7% had lymphomas, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the magnetic field series and the corresponding controls for lymphomas. Blood cell counts and haemoglobin data did not show differences between the X-irradiated, and X-ray and magnetic field- exposed groups. Mononuclear cells and total leukocytes were elevated for pulsed magnetic fields-exposed animals compared with the non-exposed controls. This difference was due to two animals with extreme values. In the pulsed magnetic fields treated group there was a statistically significant increase of the carcass weight compared with the non- treated control group. Noninvasive Measurement of Current in the Human Body for Electromagnetic Dosimetry. Hagmann MJ; Babij TM IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 40 (5) p418-423 MAY 1993 *Minimally perturbing, resistive, nonferrous probes were developed for noninvasively measuring hazardous currents induced in the human body by electromagnetic fields at 1 to 200 MHz. Each probe has a resistive toroidal coil that is placed around the leg or other body member. An electrostatic shield is required to limit capacitive coupling. A new shielded test fixture provides TEM fields for calibration with a VSWR less than 1.1 from 1 to 200 MHz. A man-sized phantom was exposed to the near-field of a vertical monopole antenna at 29.9 MHz, and the value of the current measured in the leg with our probe is in reasonable agreement with measured heating. Analyses and experiments show that commercial ferrous current probes modify the circuit in which they are used, changing the current being measured. Less change is caused by our nonferrous current probes. Steady-State Deformation of a Vesicle in Alternating Electric Fields. Hyuga H; Kinosita K; Wakabayashi N Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 32 (1) p15-25 SEP 1993 *Steady-state deformation of a vesicle with a membrane of arbitrary conductance in an alternating electric field is discussed. A simple formula is obtained for the elongation modulus of the vesicle as a function of the frequency of the applied field. The dependences of this modulus on the conditions in the medium and the membrane characteristics are illustrated in detail. Experimental applicability to the extraction of information on the characteristics of a vesicle are discussed. Effects of CR-Tuned 60 Hz Magnetic Fields on Sprouting and Early Growth of Raphanus- sativus. Smith SD; Mcleod BR; Liboff AR Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 32 (1) p67- 76 SEP 1993 *We exposed seeds of Raphanus sativus to 60 Hz ELF fields tuned to the ion cyclotron resonance frequencies for calcium and potassium ions. Exposure lasted for 24 h/day for 21 days. Controls consisted of non-exposed seeds and seeds exposed to 60 Hz fields with a static component of zero. The seeds exposed to calcium-tuned fields were slow to germinate, but grew more rapidly and were finally larger than the controls. Exposure to potassium-tuned fields produced rapid germination, but mildly inhibited further growth, except for the roots which were larger than those of the controls. We regard the results with calcium as typical of the general growth-stimulating role for this ion. The same is true for the generally inhibitory role of potassium, except for plant roots where potassium is a known stimulatory factor. Electrostimulation of Cellulase Fermentation by Pulsatile Electromagnetically Induced Currents. Kerns G; Bauer E; Berg H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 32 (1) p89-94 SEP 1993 Induced Endocytosis in Human Fibroblasts by Electrical Fields. Glogauer M; Lee W; Mcculloch CAG Experimental Cell Research; 208 (1) p232-240 SEP 1993 Stimulation of Hepatocyte Proliferation in the Normal and Pathologically Altered Liver Under a Pulsed Magnetic Field. Sadovnikova VV; Lobko LG; Sadovnikova IV Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 115 (3) p323-325 MAR 1993 Experimental Substantiation for Application of Electromagnetic Short-Wave Length Radiation as a Modifier of Biological Effect of Cisplatin. Chekhun VF; Novichenko NL; Lichatskaya GN; Anisimov MM; Kutsenok VA; Kulik GI Eksperimentalnaya Onkologiya; 15 (4) p75-78 1993 *Electromagnetic short-wave length radiation (EMR) has been studied for its role in the modification of biological effects of cisplatin. It is shown that cisplatin promoted appearance of current fluctuation through the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM). The combined action of EMR and cisplatin considerably stirred up the current fluctuation through the BLM. The investigation of,cisplatin effect on the functional state of plasma membranes showed that EMR enhanced the cytostatic effect of the anticancer drug more than twice. Substantial differences between the electrophoretic mobilities of normal and malignant cells after the combined action of cisplatin and EMR were revealed by the method of cell electrophoresis. Thus, by the end of observation the electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes increased by 97 %, and that of lymphoblast cells - by 49 %. It is supposed that EMR activates transport systems of plasma membranes, thus changing the membrane potential and the change of cell surface (zeta- potential). Melatonin Secretion and Puberty in Female Lambs Exposed to Environmental Electric and Magnetic Fields. Lee JM; Stormshak F; Thompson JM; Thinesen P; Painter LJ; Olenchek EG; Hess DL; Forbes R; Foster DL Biology of Reproduction; 49 (4) p857-864 OCT 1993 *This study determined whether chronic exposure of female lambs to the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) of a high voltage transmission line can alter pineal secretion of melatonin and the normal occurrence of puberty. Twenty female Suffolk lambs were assigned randomly in equal numbers to a control and a treatment group. Treatment from 2 to 10 mo of age consisted of continuous exposure within the electrical environment of a 500-kV transmission line (mean electric field 6 kV/m, mean magnetic field 40 mG). Treated lambs were penned directly beneath the transmission line; control lambs were maintained in a pen of similar construction 229 m from the line where EMF were at ambient levels (mean electric field < 10 V/m, mean magnetic field < 0.3 mG). Melatonin was analyzed by RIA in serum of blood samples collected at 0.5-3-h intervals over eight 48-h periods. To assess attainment of puberty, serum concentrations of progesterone were determined by RIA from blood samples collected twice weekly beginning at 19 wk of age. Concentrations of circulating melatonin in control and treated lambs were low during daylight hours and increased during nighttime hours. The characteristic pattern of melatonin secretion during nighttime (amplitude, phase, and duration) did not differ between control and treatment groups. Age at puberty and number of subsequent estrous cycles also did not differ between groups. These data suggest that chronic exposure of developing female sheep to 60-Hz environmental EMF does not affect the mechanisms underlying the generation of the circadian pattern of melatonin secretion or the mechanisms involved in the onset of reproductive activity. Possible Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Parameters in the Environment. Reiter R Experientia; 49 (9) p769-774 SEP 15 1993 *The features and intensities of electric and magnetic fields in the environment are described. Natural as well as technical constant and variable fields are considered in the light of their possible biological effects. The upper limits of the various fields are discussed. Results of laboratory measurements and also of epidemiological investigations are presented. The question is raised whether atmospheric small ions can cause a biological effect. Effect of the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Field (EMF) on Developing Embryos of the Fruit Fly (Drosophila- melanogaster L.). Ma TH; Chu KC Mutation Research; 303 (1) p35-39 SEP 1993 Altered Protein Synthesis in a Cell-Free System Exposed to a Sinusoidal Magnetic Field. Goodman EM; Greenebaum B; Marron MT Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1202 (1) p107-112 SEP 3 1993 *This report describes a new approach for examining weak extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic field interactions with living systems that exploits a cell-free transcription/translation system derived from Escherichia coli. Using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis we previously had determined that the level of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase in intact E. coli was elevated by exposure to weak ELF magnetic fields. In this paper, plasmids containing the alpha, or both the beta,beta' subunits of the RNA polymerase from E. coli were placed into a cell-free expression system. When this transcription/translation system was exposed to a 72-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field in the range 0.07 to 1.1 mT (rms) for periods of 5 min to 1 h, expression was enhanced. Weaker fields must be applied longer to produce an effect. For 10 min of field exposure, the threshold for an effect is 0.1 mT. These experiments demonstrate that an intact membrane is not an absolute requirement for transducing magnetic bio-effects. Depressive States in Workers Using Computers. Mino Y; Tsuda T; Babazono A; Aoyama H; Inoue S; Sato H; Ohara H Environmental Research; 63 (1) p54-59 OCT 1993 A Test for Teratological Effects of Power Frequency Magnetic Fields on Chick Embryos. Cox CF; Brewer LJ; Raeman CH; Schryver CA; Child SZ; Carstensen EL IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 40 (7) p605-610 JUL 1993 *An analysis of 13 studies of the teratological effects of pulsed magnetic fields on chick embryos from ten independent laboratories permits no clear conclusions. Comparatively little has been done to follow up on the reports by Juutilainen and coworkers on the effects of extremely low-frequency, sinusoidal magnetic fields on the malformation rate in chick embryos. Our attempt to follow up on their results using similar but not identical exposures of 10 muT, 50 Hz magnetic fields produced negative results. A System for the Exposure of Small Laboratory Animals to a 25-mT 60-Hz Alternating or Traveling Magnetic Field. Fam WZ; Mikhail EL IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 40 (7) p708-711 JUL 1993 *This paper describes a versatile exposure system which can be used to investigate the effects of a 60-Hz alternating magnetic field or traveling magnetic field on small laboratory animals. The system was designed and built as part of an extensive experimental effort to find out what effects, if any, these fields would have on the various biological systems of animals. Special attention was given to the design of the electric circuit to simplify the supply requirements and to keep the overall current to a minimum. Magnetic field having a flux density up to 30 mT (300 G) can be generated, and a traveling magnetic field is obtained by reconnecting the coils to a three-phase supply. The total magnetic field due to the currents in the three coils used in the exposure system is analyzed by considering the x, y, and z components of the flux density due to each coil, and then using the method of superposition to obtain the flux density B at any point in the region of the three coils. A computer program was written to evaluate the magnetic field in the region where the animals are located. The computed values are also compared with those obtained from actual measurements. The difference between the measured and the computed values of the flux density is attributed to the idealized representation of the multiturn, multilayer coils by equivalent single-turn coils. Electromagnetic Fields and Childhood Cancer. Draper G British Medical Journal; 307 (6909) p884-885 OCT 9 1993 Risk of Cancer in Finnish Children Living Close to Power Lines. Verkasalo PK; Pukkala E; Hongisto MY; Valjus JE; Jarvinen P; Heikkila KV; Koskenvuo M British Medical Journal; 307 (6909) p895-899 OCT 9 1993 *Objective-To investigate the risk of cancer in children living close to overhead power lines with magnetic fields of greater- than-or-equal-to 0.01 microteslas (muT). Design-Cohort study. Setting-The whole of Finland. Subjects-8300 boys and 66500 girls aged 0-19 years living during 1970-89 within 500 m of overhead power lines of 110- 400 kV in magnetic fields calculated to be greater-than-or- equal-to 0.01 muT. Subjects were identified by record linkages of nationwide registers. Main outcome measures- Numbers of observed cases in follow up for cancer and standardised incidence ratios for all cancers and particularly for nervous system tumours, leukemia, and lymphoma. Results-In the whole cohort 140 cases of cancer were observed (145 expected; standardised incidence ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.1). No statistically significant increases in all cancers and in leukaemia and lymphoma were found in children at any exposure level. A statistically significant excess of nervous system tumours was found in boys (but not in girls) who were exposed to magnetic fields of greater-than-or-equal-to 0.20 muT or cumulative exposure of greater-than-or-equal-to 0.40 muT years. Conclusions-Residential magnetic fields of transmission power lines do not constitute a major public health problem regarding childhood cancer. The small numbers do not allow further conclusions about the risk of cancer in stronger magnetic fields. Magnetic Fields and Cancer in Children Residing Near Swedish High-Voltage Power Lines. Feychting M; Ahlbom A American Journal of Epidemiology; 138 (7) p467-481 OCT 1 1993 *A case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure to magnetic fields of the type generated by high-voltage power lines increases cancer incidence in children. The study base consisted of everyone under age 16 years who had lived on a property located within 300 meters of any of the 220 and 400 kV power lines in Sweden during the period 1960-1985. Subjects were followed from their entry into the study base through 1985. A total of 142 cancer cases were identified through a record linkage to the Swedish Cancer Registry. There were 39 leukemia and 33 central nervous system tumor cases. A total of 558 controls were selected at random from the study base. Exposure was assessed by spot measurements and by calculations of the magnetic fields generated by the power lines, taking distance, line configuration and load into account. Information about historical loads on the power lines was used to calculate the magnetic fields for the year closest in time to diagnosis. When historical calculations were used as exposure assessment for childhood leukemia with cutoff points at 0.1 and 0.2 microtesla (muT), the estimated relative risk increased over the two exposure levels and was estimated at 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-6.3) for 0.2 muT and over; p for trend = 0.02. When the upper cutoff point was shifted to 0.3 muT, the relative risk was 3.8 (95% CI 1.4-9.3); p for trend = 0.005. These results persisted when adjustment for potential confounding factors was made. For central nervous system tumor, lymphoma, and all childhood cancers combined, there was no support for an association. Epidemiology - EMF-Cancer Links - Yes, No, and Maybe. Taubes G Science; 262 (5134) p649 OCT 29 1993 The Role of Coherence Time in the Effect of Microwaves on Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity. Litovitz TA; Krause D; Penafiel M; Elson EC; Mullins JM Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p395-403 1993 *Previously, we demonstrated the requirement for a minimum coherence time of an applied, small amplitude (10 muT) ELF magnetic field if the field were to produce an enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase activity in L929 fibroblasts. Further investigation has revealed a remarkably similar coherence time phenomenon for enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase activity by amplitude-modulated 915 MHz microwaves of large amplitude (SAR 2.5 W/kg). Microwave fields modulated at 55, 60, or 65 Hz approximately doubled ornithine decarboxylase activity after 8 h. Switching modulation frequencies from 55 to 65 Hz at coherence times of 1.0 s or less abolished enhancement, while times of 10 s or longer provided full enhancement. Our results show that the microwave coherence effects are remarkably similar to those observed with ELF fields. (C)1993 Wiley- Liss, Inc. Effects of Time-Varying Uniform Magnetic Fields on Natural Killer Cell Activity and Antibody Response in Mice. Deseze R; Bouthet C; Tuffet S; Deschaux P; Caristan A; Moreau JM; Veyret B Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p405-412 1993 *Natural Killer cell activity and antibody response were studied in Balb/c mice which were exposed in vivo to uniform pulsed magnetic fields (square-wave, 0.8 Hz, 120 mT maximum field strength, 0. 1 s rise-time) for 5 days, 10 h/day. No effects were found in antibody response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) immunization as assayed by counting the plaque- forming cells (PFC) in the spleens of animals on the sixth day. Following 5-day exposures, the activity of Natural Killer (NK) cells was measured in vitro by challenge with YAC-1 cells, in experiments in which mice were not immunized. An increase of NK cytotoxic activity due to exposure was found which depended on the age of the mice (effect observed above 12 weeks) and on the strength of the applied field (effect observed above 30 mT). (C)1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. A Scheme for Incorporating DC Magnetic Fields into Epidemiological Studies of EMF Exposure. Blackman CF; Most B Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p413-431 1993 *Experimental data on calcium-ion release in chicken brain tissue suggest that biological effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are concentrated near certain ''active combinations'' of DC magnetic field strength and ''effective'' AC magnetic field frequencies. We hypothesize that active AC/DC combinations may exist and suggest that epidemiologic data, coupled with DC magnetic field measurements, may be used to identify critical exposure conditions. An empirical model is used to calculate these multiple active combinations at any given DC magnetic field strength and to define a rating system that incorporates the proximity of AC magnetic field frequencies generated by electric power lines to the new, computed effective frequencies. Such an exposure score may be useful in investigating correlations of EMF exposure with disease incidence. For 60 Hz and 50 Hz, the highest EMF exposure scores occurred at DC field strengths of 506 mG and 422 mG, respectively. The exposure score contains a factor which may be adjusted to reflect the importance of harmonics of the AC magnetic field as well as of the fundamental frequency. Using this factor, we consider two important special cases consistent with chick brain data: 1) we consider active pairs associated with all detectable harmonics (up to 660 Hz) without regard to relative intensity of the harmonics, and 2) we use the relative intensities of the AC field frequencies to adjust their contribution to the exposure score. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Effects of 60 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields on the Development of the Rat Cerebellum. Gona AG; Yu MC; Gona O; Alrabiai S; Vonhagen S; Cohen E Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p433-447 1993 *The effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic (EM) fields on the maturation of the rat cerebellum were studied. Newborn rats were exposed to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields under three different combinations in a specially constructed apparatus. The pups were irradiated for 7-8 h daily, with a 30- min interruption for nursing. Pups were kept with their mothers for the remainder of the time. After approximately 1, 2, or 3 weeks of exposure, the pups were killed. Control pups were sham exposed. The somatic growth of the irradiated rats did not show any significant difference from sham-exposed controls. At 1 kV/m and 10 gauss exposure, there was a small but statistically significant decrease in cerebellar mass. In rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss, DNA and RNA levels were significantly higher than those in sham-exposed controls at 6 and 13 days of age, but at 20 days, these two biochemical constituents were similar in both groups of rats. The ELF-EM treatment had no effect on protein and cerebroside concentrations. In terms of age effects, DNA and RNA exhibited increases from 6 to 13 days of age, and declined from 13 to 20 days. Protein and cerebroside levels exhibited increases during the 6-20-day periods. In rats exposed at 100 kV/m and 1 gauss, the DNA levels were initially less than those of sham-exposed controls at 8 days of age, reached approximately the same levels at 14 days, and then were higher than those of controls at 22 days. There was, therefore, a significant ELF-EM effect as well as a significant interaction between age and ELF-EM exposure. In terms of age effects, DNA levels for both control and exposed animals increased from 8 to 14 days. From 14 to 22 days, DNA levels of exposed rats continued to increase while those of the controls decreased. This age effect was significant. RNA levels in both groups of animals showed increases from 8 to 14 days of age but the increase was less for the irradiated animals than for the controls. From days 14 to 22, RNA levels for both groups showed a reduction, but the decrease was greater in the irradiated than in control rats. ELF- EM treatment significantly reduced protein levels at S days of age but at 14 to 22 days, protein levels of exposed rats were higher than those of controls. The cerebroside levels were not affected by exposure treatments but increased with the age of the animals. Exposure to 100 kV/m and 10 gauss did not exert any effect on the concentrations of DNA, RNA, protein, and cerebroside at all three time points examined. Both DNA and RNA exhibited increases with age from 6 to 13 days, and leveled off from 13 to 20 days. Protein and cerebroside levels also showed corresponding increases with the age of the animals. Morphological observations revealed no detectable changes in the irradiated animals in any experimental group. Thus, only biochemical studies indicate that exposure at certain ELF-EM field combinations induces alterations in cerebellar maturation. These changes were clearly detectable in the early postnatal period but gradually diminished with time. (C)1993 Wiley- Liss, Inc. Effects of 60 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields on Maturation of the Rat Neopallium. Yu MC; Gona AG; Gona O; Alrabiai S; Vonhagen S; Cohen E Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p449-458 1993 *This study was undertaken to determine the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF; 60 Hz) electromagnetic (EM) fields on somatic growth and cortical development, as well at biochemical and morphological maturation, of the rat neopallium. On the fifth day of pregnancy, female rats were put in pairs into plastic cages that were housed in a specially constructed apparatus for irradiation under three separate sets of combination and intensity: 1) 1 kV/m and 10 gauss; 2) 1 00 kV/m and 1 gauss; and 3) 1 00 kV/m and 10 gauss. The dams were exposed for 23 h daily, from days 5 through 19 postconception, after which they were returned to cages outside the exposure apparatus until they littered. The neonates were culled to eight pups per litter. At 0 (birth), 5, 12, and 19 days postnatally, they were killed for biochemical and morphological studies. Another group of pregnant rats was sham-exposed in an identical apparatus, which was not energized, and the pups were used as controls. The irradiated rats exhibited no physical abnormalities, nor did they show brain deformities such as swelling or herniation following exposure to ELF-EM fields. There was no difference in somatic growth between control and exposed rats, but a small reduction in cortical weight was observed in rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss, and 100 kV/m and 1 gauss, respectively. Biochemical measurements of DNA, RNA, protein, and cerebroside concentrations indicated that among the three separate exposures, only the neopallium of rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss showed a small reduction in DNA level, as well as small reductions in RNA and protein levels. No changes were noticed in cerebroside levels in any exposed animals, and there were no differences in protein/DNA and cerebroside/DNA ratios between control and exposed rats. Morphological observations did not reveal any detectable alterations in the irradiated rats. These results indicate that exposure to ELF-EM fields caused minimal or no changes in somatic growth and cerebral development of the rat. (C)1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Temporal Bisection in Rats - The Effects of High-Peak-Power Pulsed Microwave Irradiation. Raslear TG; Akyel Y; Bates F; Belt M; Lu ST Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p459-478 1993 *The effects of high-peak-power, pulsed microwaves on a time perception and discrimination task were studied in rats. Exposures were performed with the TEMPO exposure system, which produces an 80 nanosecond pulse with peak- power levels in excess of 700 megawatts. The ability to expose animals to such fields within a controlled environment is unique. As determined by calorimetry, a maximal, whole-body-averaged, specific-absorption rate of 0.072 W/kg was produced. Thus exposures were well below a recommended SAR limit of 0.4 W/kg. Power levels of transmitted microwaves were varied over a 50 dB range to obtain ascending and descending dose-response functions for each of the behavioral measures. Measures of time perception, response bias, and total trials did not change with power level. Dose-response effects were observed for discriminability (ability to distinguish between durations), session time, and trial completions (null responses, failures to respond on a trial). Covarying sound and X-ray exposures produced by TEMPO did not reliably correlate with the observed microwave effects. The observation of repeatable dose-response effects on discriminability and null responses indicates that the microwave exposures were affecting cognitive function in the rats, particularly the decision-making process. (C)1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Biologic Effects of Prolonged Exposure to ELF Electromagnetic Fields in Rats .1. 50 Hz Electric Fields. Margonato V; Veicsteinas A; Conti R; Nicolini P; Cerretelli P Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (5) p479-493 1993 *A three-year investigation was conducted on the biological effects of high-intensity electric field exposures of rats for up to 18% of their life span. Two hundred and forty adult male rats, divided into groups of 20 animals each, were exposed at ground potential for 8 h/day at 25- kV/m and 100-kV/m 50-Hz electric fields or were sham exposed for 280, 440, and 1-240 h. The corresponding ages at sacrifice were 140, 164, and 315 days. An additional group of 40 rats was investigated under similar experimental conditions after 440 h of exposure at floating potential. Independent of exposure duration, mode of grounding, and field strength, no statistical differences in body weight, morphology, and histology of the liver, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, and blood variables (hematology and serum chemistry) were found in comparison with sham-exposed animals. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (TS) at sacrifice varied widely among experimental animals in the same group but did not differ in exposed compared with sham- exposed rats. A nonsignificant tendency toward a decrease in the testes/body weight ratio was found after 1240 h of exposure. Microscopic examination of a large number of specimens showed no quantitative or qualitative statistical differences in testes alterations either among exposed animals or between exposed and their corresponding sham-exposed groups. We conclude that 50-Hz electric field exposure, even of long duration at very high field strengths, does not induce harmful effects on tissues with high cellular turnover rates and does not impair the reproductive function of rats. Moreover, after exposure, all variables investigated were well within the normal physiological range. (C)1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Synaptic Fuel Cell Reactions in Vascular-Interstitial- Neuromuscular Closed Circuit - Theory of Neuromuscular Activation .6.. Nordenstrom BEW Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p99-115 1993 *Spontaneous pulses of voltage occur in the caval vein at voluntary contraction of a leg muscle both in the rat and in humans. Morphology and vascular reactions indicate that vascular- interstitial-neuromuscular circuits (VINMC) exist. They require redox reactions, which are likely to occur at proteins in the cellular membranes of the synapse. Metabolic degradation of ATP in the nerve cell is known to generate a flow of current out of the cell, creating the resting potential. It corresponds to an electrochemical equilibrium potential. An overpotential leads to a closed circuit flow of current in the VINMC, producing redox products at the electrode equivalent redox proteins. The VINMC is thereby charged. Brain impulses open ionic channels of the nerve cell body, short- circuiting the VINMC. Electrochemical reactions by the redox products produce an action potential and reverse the current in the charged VINMC. The charging and discharging of the synaptic membranes are explained as electrochemical analogs. The action potential and its height, production, transport, and disappearance of various synaptic products, including vesicles and the voltage purses in the associated vessels such as the caval vein and the aorta, can be explained. Heart Rate in Rats Exposed to Constant Magnetic Fields. Lazetic B; Pekaricnadj N Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p117-123 1993 *The heart rate in rats exposed to a constant magnetic field 30 min a day for 14 successive days was examined. The animals were fixed between the poles of an electromagnet producing a DC field vertically oriented in the region of the animal's head and spine. The electrocardiogram of each animal was taken during the exposure and during the next 60 min. The heart rate was calculated every 3 min. It was found that a DC magnetic field of relatively high intensity (0.7 T) significantly increased the heart beat in the experimental animals compared to controls. Effects of Repeated Exposure to High-Voltage Electric Discharges and Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cultured Mouse P3X63Ag8 Plasmocytoma Cells. Trombi L; Petrini M; Manara G; Mese ED; Revoltella RP Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p125-134 1993 *When cells of the mouse plasmocytoma P3x63Ag8 were repeatedly exposed to high-voltage electric discharges (1.34 KV/cm, 1 sec between pulses; time constant, 25 mu sec), they fused into multinuclear cells. Using the same procedure, myeloma cells were induced to form heterokarions by fusion with human or mouse lymphocytes, and to internalize formaldehyde- treated erythrocytes. Under optimal conditions, cells were fused extensively without substantial loss. Exposure of the cells to low- frequency (50 Hz) sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (magnetic field amplitude of 200 mu T) did not appear to perturb membrane substructures in such a way as to influence the fusogenic effect induced in high electric fields. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Do Not Affect Cell Growth, Erythroid Differentiation, and Virus Production in Variant Lines of Untreated and Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Treated Friend Erythroleukemia Cells. Revoltella RP; Trombi L; Petrini M; Grassi B; Manara G; Mese ED Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p135-146 1993 *We compared the effects of exposing to low-frequency (50 Hz) sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (EMF) (magnetic field amplitude of 200 mu T) four variant Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cell lines with regard to their capacity to proliferate, synthesize hemoglobin (Hb), and produce virus proteins, before and after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Our results confirm previous data indicating that: (1) clonal FL cells are variable in their growth, differentiation, and viral properties; (2) erythroid differentiation and virus production are under separate control; (3) cell replication is apparently necessary for virus production. When FL cells were exposed to EMF, no significant difference was observed in cell counts, induction of Hb synthesis, or virus production and release, comparing untreated and EMF-treated cell cultures. Electrostimulation in Cell Biology by Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Berg H; Zhang L Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p147-163 1993 *Surprising phenomena have been detected by electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic treatment of various cells or tissues. To estimate the efficacy and possibilities of this new tool in biosciences, a short review will be presented dealing with (1) the current models for the analysis of mechanisms and (2) the experimental outcomes of electrostimulation of cells, which are treated by low- frequency-induced currents (mostly using Helmholtz coils): B < 10 mT, E < 10 mV/cm. The broad view of results on biopolymer syntheses, enzyme activities, membrane transport, proliferation, and other morphological changes is sometimes difficult to compare, because of numerous parameters and different ''electrical and biological windows'' for efficacy. Nevertheless it could be concluded that cells can react sensitively by manifold metabolic responses. Future research will prove whether such field influence on these processes is universal. Various Effects of Pulsed and Static Magnetic Fields on the Development of Castanea Sativa Mill in Tissue Culture. Ruzic R; Jerman I; Jeglic A; Fefer D Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p165-177 1993 *The growth of shoots and roots (Castanea sativa Mill.) in tissue culture stimulated with a weak pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) (250 +/- 5 mu T peak intensity), frequency 2, 12, and 24 Hz and different times of stimulation as well as stimulated with samarium-cobalt round magnets with B-r = 1060 mT and H-c = 760 kA/m 24 hr/day was investigated. The experiments lasted 28 days for the growth of shoots and 21 days for rooting. Stimulation with pulsed EMF 1 hr/day had the most stimulative effects. Namely, a field of 24 Hz stimulated growth and 2 Hz the number of axillary buds. Stimulation for 2 hr/day had no effects, 24 hr/day was slightly inhibitory. In the field of 2 Hz, rooting was most effectively stimulated in October (for 24 hr/day every other day). The static magnetic field had no pronounced effects on the growth of shoots; the south pole stimulated the growth more than the north pole. Effects of 45-Hz Magnetic Fields on Cortical EEG Spectrum in Rats. Lyskov E; Juutilainen J; Koivisto E; Yavich L; Riekkinen P Electro- and Magnetobiology; 12 (2) p179-185 1993 *The effects of intermittent (1 sec on/1 sec off) 45-Hz magnetic fields on quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) were studied using 12 female rats. The animals were exposed for 24 hr to three different conditions: 1000 A/m (1.26 mT), 100 A/m (126 mu T), and sham exposure. The cortical EEG was recorded before and after each exposure, and the power spectrum of the EEG was calculated. Exposure at 100 A/m produced statistically significant decreases in the delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) bands and increased activities in the beta (12- 20 Hz) and 30-60 Hz bands. Smaller changes were seen at 1000 A/m than at 100 A/m. The changes seen were more pronounced 15 min after the end of exposure than immediately after it. At 30 min after exposure most differences from the preexposure values had disappeared. Pulsed Magnetic Fields Improve Osteoblast Activity During the Repair of an Experimental Osseous Defect. Cane V; Botti P; Soana S Journal of Orthopaedic Research; 11 (5) p664-670 SEP 1993 *The influence of pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on bone formation was investigated in studies of the healing process of transcortical holes, bored at the diaphyseal region of metacarpal bones of six adult horses, exposed for 30 days to PEMFs (28 G peak amplitude, 1.3 ms rise time, and 75 Hz repetition rate). A pair of Helmholtz coils, continuously powered by a pulse generator, was applied for 30 days to the left metacarpal bone, through which two holes, of equal diameter and depth, had been bored at the diaphyseal region. Two equal holes, bored at the same level in the right metacarpal and surrounded by an inactive pair of Helmholtz coils, were used as controls. All horses were given an intravenous injection of 25-30 mg/kg of tetracycline chloride on the 15th and again on the 25th day after the operation and were killed 5 days later. The histomorphometric analysis indicated that both the amount of bone formed during 30 days and the mineral apposition rate during 10 days (deduced from the interval between the two tetracycline labels) were significantly greater (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively) in the PEMF-treated holes than in the controls. As did a previous investigation, these preliminary findings indicate that PEMFs at low frequency not only stimulate bone repair but also seem to improve the osteogenic phase of the healing process, at least in our experimental conditions. Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Human Umbilical Endothelial Vein Cells. Goodman EM; Greenebaum B; Frederiksen J Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 32 (2) p125-132 NOV 1993 *The long-term goal of this program was to examine the efficacy of weak electromagnetic fields as an adjunct therapy to facilitate wound repair. The experiments reported here were directed to the question of whether pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) could facilitate endothelial cell migration following induction of a wound. These studies were based on a report that weak PMFs facilitated cell migration in a wounded confluent monolayer culture of human umbilical vein cells. Experiments reported in this paper were an attempt to reproduce and extend these observations. Our data support the original observations. Further, we examined several hypotheses in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of interaction between the applied electromagnetic fields and cells. The data do not support the hypothesis that PMFs are acting in a manner analogous to endothelial cell growth factor, a normal component of the growth medium, or that PMFs applied at the time of cell transfer enhance DNA replication. We have found that PMFs are more effective in accelerating migration if they induce an electric field that is perpendicular rather than parallel to the sides of the wound. Microwave Induced Leakage of Magnetoliposomes - Possible Clinical Implications. Babincova M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 32 (2) p187-189 NOV 1993 Biomagnetic Neurosensors. Leech D; Rechnitz GA Analytical Chemistry; 65 (22) p3262-3266 NOV 15 1993 *In this report we demonstrate the first analytical application of biomagnetic field detection at nerve fibers for biosensing purposes. A ferrite core toroid surrounding the nerve, coupled to a low-noise, low-input-impedance amplifier, is used to inductively detect the compound, action current (CAC) in crayfish giant axons upon stimulation of nerve firing. Detection of the local anesthetic lidocaine, which blocks neuronal conduction by binding in the ion channel of the voltage-gated sodium channel receptor, is achieved by monitoring the disappearance of the CAC. The application of this novel detection principle to the screening of neurotoxic and neuromodulatory drugs and natural product extracts is proposed. Spectra of the Formaldehyde-Induced Ultraweak Luminescence from Yeast Cells. Godlewski M; Rajfur Z; Slawinski J; Kobayashi M; Usa M; Inaba H Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B - Biology; 21 (1) p29-35 NOV 1993 *An increase in the intensity and distinct spectral changes of ultraweak luminescence from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were measured when the metabolism of cells was drastically altered. A small emission peak and a red emission band 680-850 nm appeared when air-dried cells were imbibed in water. Lethal concentrations of HCHO (0.01%-10%) elicited a 2500 fold increase of the emission intensity and distinct spectral alterations. A transient 500-580 nm emission appeared in the initial phase of interaction. Then a gradually increasing long-lasting red emission band centered around 620 nm predominated in the total spectral range covering 470-850 nm. These emissions were not correlated with minor changes in fluorescence emission and excitation spectra originating from tryptophan, flavins, and unidentified emitters. Electromagnetic Fields and Childhood Cancer. Ahlbom A; Feychting M; Koskenvuo M; Olsen JH; Pukkala E; Schulgen G; Verkasalo P Lancet; 342 (8882) p1295-1296 NOV 20 1993 Magnetic Fields and Cancer. Jones TL Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 (5) p368-369 OCT 1993 Potential Bias in Denver Childhood Cancer Study - Response. Savitz DA; Kaune WT Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 (5) p369-370 OCT 1993 Experimental Evidence for 60-Hz Magnetic Fields Operating Through the Signal Transduction Cascade - Effects on Calcium Influx and c-MYC Messenger RNA Induction. Liburdy RP; Callahan DE; Harland J; Dunham E; Sloma TR; Yaswen P FEBS Letters; 334 (3) p301-308 NOV 22 1993 *We tested the hypothesis that early alterations in calcium influx induced by an imposed 60 Hz magnetic field are propagated down the signal transduction (ST) cascade to alter c-MYC mRNA induction. To test this we measured both ST parameters in the same cells following 60 Hz magnetic field exposures in a specialized annular ring device (220 G (22 mT), 1.7 mV/cm maximal E(induced), 37-degrees-C, 60 min). Ca2+ influx is a very early ST marker that precedes the specific induction of mRNA transcripts for the proto- oncogene c-MYC, an immediate early response gene. In three experiments influx of Ca-45(2+) in the absence of mitogen was similar to that in cells treated with suboptimal levels of Con-A (1 mug/ml). However, calcium influx was elevated 1.5-fold when lymphocytes were exposed to Con-A plus magnetic fields; this co-stimulatory effect is consistent with previous reports from our laboratory [FEBS Lett. 301 (1992) 53-59; FEBS Lett. 271 (1990) 157-160; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 649 (1992) 74-95]. The level of c-MYC mRNA transcript copies in non-activated cells and in suboptimally-activated cells was also similar, which is consistent with the above calcium influx findings. Significantly, lymphocytes exposed to the combination of magnetic fields plus suboptimal Con-A responded with an approximate 3.0-fold increase in band intensity of c- MYC mRNA transcripts. Importantly, transcripts for the housekeeping gene GAPDH were not influenced by mitogen or magnetic fields. We also observed that lymphocytes that failed to exhibit increased calcium influx in response to magnetic fields plus Con-A, also failed to exhibit an increase in total copies of c-MYC mRNA. Thus, calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA expression, which are sequentially linked via the signal transduction cascade in contrast to GAPDH, were both increased by magnetic fields. These findings support the above ST hypothesis and provide experimental evidence for a general biological framework for understanding magnetic field interactions with the cell through signal transduction. In addition, these findings indicate that magnetic fields can act as a co- stimulus at suboptimal levels of mitogen; pronounced physiological changes in lymphocytes such as calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA induction were not triggered by a weak mitogenic signal unless accompanied by a magnetic field. Magnetic fields, thus, have the ability to potentiate or amplify cell signaling. Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations, Sister Chromatid Exchanges and Micronuclei Among Power Linesmen with Long- Term Exposure to 50-Hz Electromagnetic Fields. Valjus J; Norppa H; Jarventaus H; Sorsa M; Nykyri E; Salomaa S; Jarvinen P; Kajander J Radiation and Environmental Biophysics; 32 (4) p325-336 OCT 1993 *Chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), replication indices and micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed among 27 nonsmoking power linesmen with considerable long-term exposure to 50-Hz electromagnetic (EM) fields, and among 27 nonsmoking telephone linesmen serving as a reference group, pairwise matched with the exposed workers for age and geographical region. Blood samples from the two groups were collected, cultured and analysed in parallel. No differences between the groups were observed on analysis of SCEs, replication indices or micronuclei. However, the mean rate of lymphocytes with chromatid-type breaks was higher among the power linesmen (0.96% gaps excluded, 1.41% gaps included) than among the reference group (0.44% and 0.70%, respectively). The excess of aberrant cells was concentrated among those power linesmen who had smoked earlier in their life. Although the interpretation is somewhat complicated by the confounding effect of previous smoking, these results suggest that exposure to 50-Hz EM fields is associated with a slight increase in chromatid breaks. Electrical Field Stimulation Causes Oxidation of Exogenous Histamine in Krebs-Henseleit Buffer - A Potential Source of Error in Studies of Isolated Airways. Hulsmann AR; Raatgeep HR; Garrelds IM; Toorenenbergen AWM; Dejongste JC Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods; 30 (3) p149-152 NOV 1993 *Electric field stimulation (EFS) relaxes human histamine- precontracted airways in vitro. This relaxation is only partly neurally mediated. Nonneural relaxation has been also shown in blood vessels and is due to the generation of oxygen radicals by EFS. In isolated airways the origin of the nonneural component of the relaxation is not clear. Because exogenous catecholamines are oxidized during EFS of carbogenated Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) buffer, we questioned whether this is also the case for exogenous histamine. Human airways precontracted with histamine or methacholine were exposed to either EFS-stimulated carbogenated K-H buffer that also contained histamine or methacholine or unstimulated buffer. Airways exposed to EFS- stimulated buffer that contained histamine relaxed, whereas airways exposed to buffer containing methacholine or exposed to unstimulated buffer did not. It appeared that the histamine concentrations in the organ baths decreased during 30 min of EFS. This decrease was significantly reduced in the presence of ascorbic acid. We conclude that EFS causes oxidation of histamine in carbogenated K-H buffer, and this may at least partly explain the nonneural component of EFS-induced relaxations of precontracted human isolated airways. Therefore, histamine should not be used to induce precontraction in EFS experiments. Potential Confounders in Epidemiologic Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Childhood Leukemia. Jauchem JR Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews - Part C of Journal of Environmental Science and Health; 11 (2) p163-183 1993 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Blank M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 32 (3) p203-210 DEC 1993 *The opening lecture of the Bioelectrochemical Society of India meeting links recent developments in research to the early history of the subject, since both deal with the stimulation of biological processes by external fields. In the past, the fields considered were only electric; now we are finding interesting effects due to electromagnetic (EM) fields. Several systems are discussed, with the main focus on the stimulation of biosynthesis by EM fields. Recent experiments indicate that the patterns of proteins synthesized in EM fields are similar to those seen in response to heat shock, and that cells respond via the stress response pathway. Other data suggest how cells, and especially muscle tissue, may normally respond biosynthetically to changes in electrical stimulation. Studies on a simpler model system, the ion transporting Na, K-ATPase of membranes, have also proven useful, since they have shown how transmembrane signaling can occur through the enzyme. Generation of Impossible Cross-Peaks Between Bulk Water and Biomolecules in Solution NMR. Warren WS; Richter W; Andreotti AH; Farmer BT Science; 262 (5142) p2005-2009 DEC 24 1993 *Intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences between bulk water and a glycoprotein fragment at modest concentration (20 mM) have been experimentally produced and detected, although such coherences are inconceivable in the normal theoretical framework of nuclear magnetic resonance. A density matrix treatment explains these results by including the long-range dipolar interaction between spins and by discarding the high-temperature approximation. These results imply that peak intensities (critical for structural determinations) can be distorted in many gradient experiments, and show that magic-angle gradients provide substantial improvements with reduced gradient strengths. They also suggest methods for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. Miscarriages Among Female Physical Therapists Who Report Using Radio- and Microwave- Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Ouellethellstrom R; Stewart WF American Journal of Epidemiology; 138 (10) p775-786 NOV 15 1993 *Physical therapists are exposed to radio- and microwave- frequency electromagnetic radiation by operating shortwave and microwave diathermy units. Recent studies suggest that use of shortwave diathermy is associated with an excess risk of birth defects, perinatal deaths, and late spontaneous abortions among the offspring of exposed female therapists. To assess the impact of occupational use of microwave and shortwave diathermy at the time of conception, the authors mailed questionnaires to 42,403 physical therapists in 1989. Both occupational and reproductive histories were obtained. Exposures to shortwave and microwave diathermy were both assessed in the same fashion and were examined in relation to early recognized fetal loss in a nested case-control design. A total of 1,753 case pregnancies (miscarriages) were matched to 1,753 incidence density control pregnancies (other pregnancies except ectopic pregnancies). A pregnancy was considered ''exposed'' if the mother reported using microwave or shortwave diathermy anytime during the 6 months prior to the first trimester or during the first trimester. Pregnancies of mothers reporting microwave use 6 months prior to the pregnancy or during the first trimester were more likely to result in miscarriage (odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.02-1.59). The odds ratio increased with increasing level of exposure (X(2) = 7.25, p < 0.005). The odds ratio in the highest exposure group (20 or more exposures/month) was 1.59. The overall odds ratio was slightly lower after it was controlled for prior fetal loss (OR = 1.26, 95% Cl 1.00-1.59), but the exposure- response effect remained (X(2) = 5.17, P < 0.01). The risk of miscarriage was not associated with reported use of shortwave diathermy equipment (OR = 1.07, 95% Cl 0.91- 1.24). The odds ratio in the highest exposure group was 0.87. Magnetic Fields of Video Display Terminals and Spontaneous Abortion. Schnorr TM; Grajewski BA; Murray WE; Hornung RW American Journal of Epidemiology; 138 (10) p902 NOV 15 1993; Marcus M; Golden A p902-903 - Reply. Lindbohm ML; Kyyronen P; Hietanen M; Sallmen M p903-905 In Vitro Cytogenetic Effects of 2450 MHz Waves on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Maes A; Verschaeve L; Arroyo A; Dewagter C; Vercruyssen L Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (6) p495-501 1993 *Cytogenetic analyses were performed on human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves during 30 and 120 min at a constant temperature of 36.1 degrees C (body temperature). The temperature was kept constant by means of a temperature probe put in the blood sample which gives feedback to a microcomputer that controls the microwave supply. We found a marked increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations (including dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments) and micronuclei. On the other hand the microwave exposure did not influence the cell kinetics nor the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. Calcium-Ion Movement and Contractility in Atrial Strips of Frog Heart Are Not Affected by Low Frequency-L-Modulated, 1 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation. Schwartz JL; Mealing GAR Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (6) p521-533 1993 *Calcium efflux from electrically stimulated, Ca-45(2+)- preloaded atrial strips of the frog heart was measured from samples of the rinsing perfusate collected at 2-min intervals for 32 min in a continuous perfusion chamber. Contractile force was simultaneously monitored. The specimen chamber was located in a stripline apparatus in which the atrial strips were exposed for 32 min to constant (CW) or amplitude-modulated (AM), 1 GHz electromagnetic (EM) fields at specific absorption rates (SAR) ranging from 3.2 mu W/kg to 1.6 W/kg. Amplitude modulation was either at 0.5 Hz, in synchrony with the electrical stimulus applied to the preparation, or at 16 Hz. Neither unmodulated nor 0.5 Hz or 16 Hz modulated 1 GHz waves affected the movement of calcium ions or the contractile force in isolated atrial strips of the frog heart. Synergistic Effects of Ionizing Radiation and 60 Hz Magnetic Fields. Hintenlang DE Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (6) p545-551 1993 *Experiments designed to evaluate the synergistic production of clastogenic effects by ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields were performed using human lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Following exposure to ionizing radiation, cells were cultured in 60 Hz magnetic fields having field strengths up to 1.4 mT. Cells exposed to both ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields demonstrated an enhanced frequency of near tetraploid chromosome complements, a feature not observed following exposure to only ionizing radiation. The results are discussed in the context of a multiple-stage model of cellular transformation, employing both initiating and promoting agents. Pain Control Using High-Intensity Pulsed Magnetic Stimulation. Ellis WV Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (6) p553-556 1993 *High-intensity pulsed magnetic stimulation (HIPMS) non- invasively depolarizes neurones, which can be deeply embedded in local tissues. Trans- or subcutaneous electrical stimulation can produce analgesia. To test the hypothesis that similar analgesia could be obtained using HIPMS, analgesia was determined in ten blinded subjects following HIPMS. Analgesia was consistently produced in all subjects with long-lasting pain relief occurring in half of the cases. Rats Avoid Exposure to HVDC Electric Fields - A Dose Response Study - (Vol 14, Pg 341, 1993). Creim JA; Lovely RH; Weigel RJ; Forsythe WC; Anderson LE Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (6) p557 1993 Magnetic Fields of Video Display Terminals and Spontaneous Abortion. Baker WE American Journal of Epidemiology; 138 (11) p1017-1018 DEC 1 1993 - Reply. Lindbohm ML; Kyyronen P; Hietanen M; Sallmen M p1018-1019 Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields. Matthes R Health Physics; 66 (1) p100-106 JAN 1994 Reproductive and Teratologic Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Brent RL; Gordon WE; Bennett WR; Beckman DA Reproductive Toxicology; 7 (6) p535-580 NOV-DEC 1993 *The reproductive risks of electromagnetic fields (EMF) were evaluated based on an extensive review of the scientific literature pertaining to human epidemiologic studies, secular trend data, in vivo animal studies and in vitro studies, and biologic plausibility. The epidemiologic studies involving the reproductive effects of EMF exposures to human populations have included populations exposed to: (1) video display terminals (VDTs), and (2) power lines and household appliances. The clinical use of diagnostic MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has been increasing, but there are few reports or studies of pregnant women or individuals of reproductive age who have been exposed to MRI, and whose reproductive performance has been evaluated. The population that has been studied most frequently are women exposed to VDTs, but their EMF exposures are extremely low and frequently are at the level of the ambient EMF in a house or office. The results of epidemiologic studies involving VDTs are generally negative for the reproductive effects that have been studied. Based on the number of studies, the exposure levels, and the fairly consistent results, it can be argued that VDT epidemiologic studies should no longer be given priority. There have been fewer studies concerned with the reproductive risks of power Lines, electric substations, and home appliances. In some publications, positive findings for reproductive risks were reported, but the more consistent findings indicate that EMF, even at these higher exposures, do not generate a measurable increase in reproductive failures in the human population. When compared to other fields of human epidemiology, it is obvious that these studies have many difficulties. Exposures are rarely determined. Studies frequently involve small sample sizes and the investigators rarely have a combined expertise in EMF physics, engineering, and reproductive biology. Because of the allegation that there may be particular windows of frequency, wave shape, and intensity that may be deleterious, it is impossible to disregard low frequency EMF exposures as having no deleterious reproductive effects. Yet the epidemiologic data that are available would point in that direction. Secular trend data analysis of birth defect incidence data indicate that increasing generation of electric power during this century is not associated with a concomitant rise in the incidence of birth defects. There are over 70 EMF research projects dealing with animal and in vitro studies that are concerned with some aspect of reproduction and growth. Unfortunately, a large proportion of the embryology studies utilized the chick embryo and evaluated the presence or absence of teratogenesis after 48 to 52 hours of development. The chick embryo studies were of little assistance to the epidemiologist or clinician in determining whether EMF exposure represents a hazard to the human embryo, and the results were, in any case, inconsistent. Embryo culture or cell culture studies are also of little assistance in determining the human risk of EMF. In vitro or in vivo studies in nonhuman species can be used to study mechanisms and the effects that have been suggested by human investigations. Only well designed whole- animal teratology studies are appropriate when the epidemiologists and clinical teratologists are uncertain about the environmental risks. Other aspects of reproductive failure such as abortion, infertility, stillbirth, and prematurity cannot be addressed by in vitro or culture experiments. In fact, it is very difficult to design and interpret nonprimate in vivo studies, Biologic plausability for teratogenesis can be supported if an agent such as EMF can be demonstrated to be cytotoxic or mutagenic Electric Field Induced Concentration Gradients in Lipid Monolayers. Lee KYC; Klingler JF; Mcconnell HM Science; 263 (5147) p655-658 FEB 4 1994 *Externally applied electric field gradients gave rise to lateral concentration gradients in monolayers of certain binary lipid mixtures. For binary mixtures of dihydrocholesterol and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, the application of an electric field gradient at pressures below the critical pressure produced a liquid-liquid phase separation in a monolayer that is otherwise homogenous. At pressures slightly above the critical pressure, a field gradient produced a large concentration gradient without phase separation. The lipid concentration gradients can be described by equilibrium thermodynamic chemical potentials. The observed effects appear to be relevant to the structure and composition of biological membranes. Identification and Characterization of Populations Living Near High-Voltage Transmission Lines - A Pilot Study. Wartenberg D; Greenberg M; Lathrop R Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 (7) p626-632 DEC 1993 An Upper Limit for the Effect of 60 Hz Magnetic Fields on Bioluminescence for the Photobacterium Vibrio Fischeri. Greenbaum MP Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; 198 (1) p40-44 JAN 14 1994 Aggregation and Sedimentation of Erythrocytes in a Magnetic Field. Kizilova NN Biofizika; 38 (5) p826-832 SEP-OCT 1993 *The system of equations describing aggregation and settling of erythrocytes or other weakly magnetizable aggregating particles in an external constant inhomogeneous magnetic field is investigated. The magnetic force applied to erythrocytes was assumed to be the basic mechanism of field action on the blood. It is shown that the magnetic field with a special configuration may decrease the sedimentation time and increase the suspension stability to small perturbations. The Question of Health Effects from Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields. Hendee WR; Boteler JC Health Physics; 66 (2) p127-136 FEB 1994 *Possible health effects of exposure to low-intensity electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are receiving increased attention in the scientific literature and, especially, in the public media. Laboratory research at the cellular and whole animal level has demonstrated various biological effects that may be related in some manner to the effects of EMF exposure on people. However, the exact mechanisms of this relationship are far from clear. The studies suggest that EMFs might be cancer promoters but are unlikely to be cancer initiators. At the level of human epidemiology, approximately 50 studies have examined the possible correlation of EMF exposures with adult and childhood cancers. Although the possibility of a correlation is weak, it cannot be discounted, and further research is needed. In the meantime, a practice of ''prudent avoidance'' of prolonged exposure to EMFs is warranted. Magnetic Field Effects on B-12 Ethanolamine Ammonia Lyase - Evidence for a Radical Mechanism. Harkins TT; Grissom CB Science; 263 (5149) p958-960 FEB 18 1994 *A change in radical pair recombination rates is one of the few mechanisms by which a magnetic field can interact with a biological system. The kinetic parameter V-max/K-m (where K-m is the Michaelis constant) for the coenzyme B- 12-dependent enzyme ethanolamine ammonia lyase was decreased 25 percent by a static magnetic field near 0.1 tesla (1000 gauss) with unlabeled ethanolamine and decreased 60 percent near 0.15 tesla with perdeuterated ethanolamine. This effect is likely caused by a magnetic field-induced change in intersystem crossing rates between the singlet and triplet spin states in the {cob(II)alamin: 5'- deoxyadenosyl radical} spin-correlated radical pair. The Observation of Large Magnetite (Fe3O4) Crystals from Magnetotactic Bacteria by Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy. Farina M; Kachar B; Lins U; Broderick R; Debarros HL Journal of Microscopy - Oxford; 173 p1-8 JAN 1994 *Magnetite crystals inside coccoid magnetotactic bacteria found in lagoons near Rio deJaneiro city were examined by electron microscopy (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For AFM, ultrathin sections of bacteria embedded in Epon resin were etched with an ethanolic NaOH solution and observed both in the height and in the force modes. Comparative electron microscope images were useful for identifying crystalline reliefs in the etched sections. Different situations representing particular arrangements of crystal chains were observed by AFM. The majority of the bacteria examined presented unusually large magnetite crystals which remained strongly attached in linear chains even after the laboratory procedures for their isolation. This behaviour is different from all other biogenic magnetite crystals isolated so far. It is suggested that this attachment is due to the strong field between individual crystals as well as to the contact areas, which are the largest observed until now. The correct identification of a particular topography by AFM as a crystal relief may be critical when crystals are not aligned in chains; in these cases the linear dimensions and the presence of well-defined edges and faces are important features to be taken into account. Characterization of the crystal faces is important for the study of magnetotactic micro-organisms since the crystalline habits seem to be species-specific. Observation of etched sections proved to be a helpful approach for crystal relief observation, especially when small amounts of bacteria were available. Depressive Symptomatology in Women and Residential Proximity to High-Voltage Transmission Lines. Mcmahan S; Ericson J; Meyer J American Journal of Epidemiology; 139 (1) p58-63 JAN 1 1994 *A number of epidemiologic studies indicate an association between depression and proximity to high-voltage transmission lines. These studies have been criticized, however, for using surrogate measures of electromagnetic fields and unstandardized measures of depression. In an effort to overcome these limitations, the authors administered the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) in 1992 to 152 women in Orange County, California, who lived either adjacent to a transmission line or one block away. The results indicated that the average magnetic field level is 4.86 mG at the front door of homes adjacent to transmission lines and 0.68 mG at the front door of homes one block away. There was no significant difference in CES-D scores between the groups when demographic variables were controlled for. The homogeneity of the study population may limit the generalizability of findings. Electromagnetic Fields for Osteoarthritis. Rush PJ Journal of Rheumatology; 20 (12) p2166- 2167 DEC 1993 - Reply. Bollet AJ; Trock DH; Markoll R p2167 Effects of a Strong Static Magnetic Field on Blood Platelets. Higashi T; Sagawa S; Kawaguchi N; Yamagishi A Platelets; 4 (6) p341-342 DEC 1993 Correlation Between the Amplitude of Plasma Membrane Fluctuations and the Response of Cells to Electric and Magnetic Fields. Broude N; Karabakhtsian R; Shalts N; Goodman R; Henderson AS Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 33 (1) p19-23 FEB 1994 *Several hypotheses designed to explain electric and magnetic (EM) field interaction with cells propose the plasma membrane as a primary target. The present experiments tested whether the status of the plasma membrane influences the response of cells to EM fields. HL- 60 cells were exposed to defined EM fields in the presence of either colchicine or cytochalasin B and transcript levels for beta-actin and c-fos were determined. The steady state of these mRNAs is known to be increased when cells are exposed to the EM fields used in this study. Treatment of cells with colchicine disturbs microtubules and can lead to small decreases in local plasma membrane fluctuations. Cytochalasin treatment affects the microfilament structure and has been shown to lead to small increases in local membrane fluctuations. The treatment of cells during EM field exposures with colchicine produces opposite effects from that observed in cells treated with cytochalasin B. The stimulatory effect of EM fields on the expression of beta- actin and c-fos is abolished in the presence of colchicine. The levels for both beta-actin and c;fos, however, are enhanced in the presence of cytochalasin B. These experiments show that the status of the plasma membrane is important in the response of the cell to EM field exposure. Electric Fields Induce Curved Growth of Enterobacter Cloacae, Escherichia Coli, and Bacillus Subtilis Cells - Implications for Mechanisms of Galvanotropism and Bacterial Growth. Rajnicek AM; Mccaig CD; Gow NAR Journal of Bacteriology; 176 (3) p702-713 FEB 1994 *Directional growth in response to electric fields (galvanotropism) is known for eukaryotic cells as diverse as fibroblasts, neurons, algae, and fungal hyphae. The mechanism is not understood, but all proposals invoke actin either directly or indirectly. We applied electric fields to bacteria (which are inherently free of actin) to determine whether actin was essential for galvanotropism. Field-treated (but not control) Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli cells curved rapidly toward the anode. The response was both field strength and pH dependent. The direction of curvature was reversed upon reversal of field polarity. The directional growth was not due to passive bending of the cells or to field-induced gradients of tropic substances in the medium. Field-treated Bacillus subtilis cells also curved, but the threshold was much higher than for E. cloacae or E. coli. Since the curved morphology must reflect spatial differences in the rates of cell wall synthesis and degradation, we looked for regions of active wall growth. Experiments in which the cells were decorated with latex beads revealed that the anode-facing ends of cells grew faster than the cathode- facing ends of the same cells. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis caused spheroplasts to form on the convex regions of field-treated cells, suggesting that the initial curvature resulted from enhanced growth of cathode- facing regions. Our results indicate that an electric field modulates wall growth spatially and that the mechanism may involve differential stimulation of wall growth in both anode- and cathode-facing regions. Electric fields may therefore serve as valuable tools for studies of bacterial wall growth. Use of specific E. coli mutants may allow dissection of the galvanotropic mechanism at the molecular level. Design of a Job Exposure Matrix on Electric and Magnetic Fields - Selection of an Efficient Job Classification for Workers in Thermoelectric Power Production Plants. Guenel P; Nicolau J; Imbernon E; Warret G; Goldberg M International Journal of Epidemiology; 22 pS16-S21 1993 *Occupational exposure to 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields (EMF) was measured among 184 workers in thermoelectric power production plants using an individual portable dosimeter. A job exposure matrix (JEM) is elaborated from these data to be used in an epidemiological study on the potential carcinogenic effects of EMF. To reduce the range of exposure misclassification in the study, groups of workers with high exposure homogeneity must be identified. Classifying the workers by type of plant yielded homogeneous exposure groups, especially for workers in non- nuclear power plants. Workers in nuclear plants had higher mean exposure to magnetic fields, but the homogeneity of exposure was smaller. The exposure also differed between occupations, but the occupational title did not produce a uniform increase of exposure homogeneity within subgroups. It is concluded that the place of work is the most important determinant of exposure to magnetic fields for workers in thermoelectric power plants to be included in the JEM. Cancer Mortality and Electric Transmission Equipment. Pfluger D; Minder C International Journal of Epidemiology; 22 (6) p1203 DEC 1993 - Response. Swaen GMH p1203-1204 Exposure to 60 Hz Magnetic Fields in the Electric Utility Work Environment. Sahl JD; Kelsh MA; Smith RW; Aseltine DA Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (1) p21-32 1994 *Research that has attempted to examine the relationship between work exposures to magnetic fields and health effects has suffered from limited exposure information. Power-frequency electric and magnetic (EM) field exposures vary substantially between industries, occupations, and individuals. In this study magnetic field data were collected for a variety of occupational categories within an electric utility. The sampling procedures emphasized craft occupations that were presumed to have higher exposures to magnetic fields. The objectives were to provide better exposure information for an ongoing cancer mortality study, examine the relationship between different summary measures of magnetic field exposure, and make available descriptive information useful for exposure reduction and worker education. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation were used to explore the relationships between the different summary measures among workers and among the subset of electrical craft occupations. Discriminant analysis was used to assess summary measures es of exposure that differentiated occupational groups. Measurements for 770 days generated a total of 42378 hours of magnetic field data. Eleven summary indices of exposure were calculated for specific occupational groups. These include arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, 95th and 99th percentiles, and fraction of measurements exceeding .5, 1, 5, 10, and 100 mu T. Electrical craft occupations had higher work exposures than non-craft occupations. Electricians and substation operators had the highest exposures among craft occupations. We identified subsets of summary measures that were intercorrelated. The first PCA axis included the geometric mean, median, and the fractions exceeding 0.5 and 1.0 mu T. This set of measures also were best at discriminating occupational groups. The relevance of these findings may become more important if consistent associations are found between particular occupations and disease and particular occupations and magnetic field summary measures. Further research is needed to evaluate these exposure assessment findings. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Development of a Protocol for Assessing Time-Weighted- Average Exposures of Young Children to Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT; Darby SD; Gardner SN; Hrubec Z; Iriye RN; Linet MS Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (1) p33-51 1994 *A study was carried out in 1990 to guide the development of a protocol for assessing residential exposures of children to time- weighted-average (TWA) power-frequency magnetic fields. The principal goal of this dosimetry study was to determine whether area (i.e., spot and/or 24 h) measurements of power-frequency magnetic fields in the residences and in the schools and daycare centers of 29 children (4 months through 8 years of age) could be used to predict their measured personal 24-h exposures. TWA personal exposures, measured with AMEX-3D meters worn by subjects, were approximately log-normally distributed with both residential and nonresidential geometric means of 0.10 mu T (1.0 mG). Between-subjects variability in residential personal exposure levels (geometric standard deviation of 2.4) was substantially greater than that observed for nonresidential personal exposure levels (1.4). The correlation between log- transformed residential and total personal exposure levels was 0.97. Time-weighted averages of the magnetic fields measured in children's bedrooms, family rooms, living rooms, and kitchens were highly correlated with residential personal exposure levels (r = 0.90). In general, magnetic field levels measured in schools and daycare centers attended by subjects were smaller and less variable than measured residential fields and were only weakly correlated with measured nonresidential personal exposures. The final measurement protocol, which will be used in a large US study examining the relationship between childhood leukemia and exposure to magnetic fields, contains the following elements: normal- and low-power spot magnetic field measurements in bedrooms occupied by subjects during the 5 years prior to the date of diagnosis for cases or the corresponding date for controls; spot measurements under normal and low power-usage conditions at the centers of the kitchen and the family room; 24- h magnetic-field recordings near subjects' beds; and wire coding using the Wertheimer-Leeper method. A Model for Characterizing Residential Ground Current and Magnetic Field Fluctuations. Mader DL; Peralta SB; Sherar MD Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (1) p53-65 1994 *The current through the residential grounding circuit is an important source for magnetic fields; field variations near the grounding circuit accurately track fluctuations in this ground current. In this paper, a model is presented which permits calculation of the range of these fluctuations. A discrete network model is used to simulate a local distribution system for a single street, and a statistical model to simulate unbalanced currents in the system. Simulations of three-house and ten-house networks show that random appliance operation leads to ground current fluctuations which can be quite large, on the order of 600%. This is consistent with measured fluctuations in an actual house. Sleep Inducing Effect of Low Energy Emission Therapy. Reite R; Higgs L; Lebet JP; Barbault A; Rossel C; Kuster N; Dafni U; Amato D; Pasche B Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (1) p67-75 1994 *The sleep inducing effect of a 15 min treatment with either an active or an inactive Low Energy Emission Therapy (LEET) device emitting amplitude-modulated electromagnetic (EM) fields was investigated in a double- blind cross-over study performed on 52 healthy subjects. All subjects were exposed to both active and inactive LEET treatment sessions, with an interval of at least 1 week between the two sessions. LEET consists of 27.12 MHz amplitude- modulated (sine wave) EM fields emitted intrabuccally by means of an electrically conducting mouthpiece in direct contact with the oral mucosa. The estimated local peak SAR is less than 10 W/kg in the oral mucosa and 0.1 to 100 mW/kg in brain tissue. No appreciable sensation is experienced during treatment. and subjects are therefore unable to tell whether they are receiving an active or an inactive treatment. In this study the active treatment consisted of EM fields intermittently amplitude-modulated (sine wave) at 42.7 Hz for 3 s followed by a pause of 1 s during which no EM fields were emitted. During the inactive treatment no EM fields were emitted. Baseline EEGs were obtained and 15 min post-treatment EEGs were recorded and analyzed according to the Loomis classification. A significant decrease (paired t test) in sleep latency to stage B2 (-1.78 +/- 5.57 min, P = 0.013), and an increase in the total duration of stage B2 (1.15 +/- 2.47 min, P = 0.0008) were observed on active treatment as compared with inactive treatment. The deepest sleep stage achieved (B1 to D) following active treatment was also significantly higher than that following inactive treatment (P = 0.040). We conclude 27.12 MHz electromagnetic fields, intermittenly amplitude-modulated at 42.7 Hz, result in a significant sleep inducing effect in healthy subjects. Magnetic Fields After Translation in Escherichia Coli. Goodman EM; Greenebaum B; Marron NT Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (1) p77-83 1994 *Quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins in E. coil exposed for 60 min to weak, pulsed magnetic fields (1.5 mT peak) show that numerous proteins are both increased and decreased by a factor of 2 or more. An increase in the levels of two proteins, the a subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and NusA, was confirmed by Western blot analysis. (C) 1994 Wiley- Liss, Inc. Enhanced Mutagenic Effect of a 60 Hz Time-Varying Magnetic Field on Numbers of Azide- Induced Ta100 Revertant Colonies. Tabrah FL; Mower HF; Batkin S; Greenwood PB Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (1) p85- 93 1994 *Forty-eight hours exposure to a two Gauss (0.2 mT) rms 60 Hz time varying sinusoidal electromagnetic field increased the number of azide induced TA100 revertant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium 14% as compared with controls in the ambient <2 milli-Gauss 60 Hz field. In the absence of the electromagnetic field, the numbers of mutant colonies grown within and outside the non-energized coil were nearly identical. With out azide, the number of ''spontaneous'' mutant colonies forming in the experimental field was not statistically significant from numbers of colonies not exposed to field effects. Experimental temperature variation of 2 degrees C had little effect on colony formation, and the enhanced production of revertant colonies in the presence of the magnetic field was maintained during continued culture for 5 additional days. Electromagnetic Fields and Male Breast Cancer. Tynes T Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 47 (10) p425-427 1993 *The aetiology of male breast cancer is still considered to be rather unclear. Epidemiological studies have recently shown an excess risk of male breast cancer in ''electrical workers'' with potential exposure to electromagnetic (EM) fields. Interest on the possible association between pineal function and breast cancer has come into focus. The pineal hormone melatonin has been shown to reduce the incidence of experimentally-induced breast cancer in rats, the hormone is oncostatic and cytotoxic to breast, ovarian, and bladder cancer cell lines in vitro. Treatment of cancer patients with orally administered melatonin has been tried. Pineal function in humans is suppressed by light- at-night (LAN). Animal studies have shown that exposure to 60-Hz electric fields may also suppress the nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin production in adult rats. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in the industrialised world. No good explanation has so far been provided for the increased incidence of this site during the last decades, although changes in fertility factors have had some effect. If new epidemiological and experimental data give support to the hypothesis that exposure to LAN and EM fields may increase breast cancer risk, this may have regulatory and political consequences for future use of electric power. Breast Cancer and Electric Power. Stevens RG Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 47 (10) p435-438 1993 *Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women in industrialized societies. It is far less common in less industrialized nations and the reason for this difference is unclear. One possibility is the distribution and use of electricity which results in two new exposures in the human environment: light-at-night and electromagnetic fields. These can reduce nocturnal melatonin production. Melatonin, in turn, has a protective effect on breast cancer in experimental animals. Electromagnetic Fields and Melatonin Production. Reiter RJ Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 47 (10) p439-444 1993 *The pineal gland, which in humans is located near the anatomical center of the brain, is normally responsive to visible electromagnetic fields tie light) since the eyes are functionally connected to the pineal gland by a series of neurons. Normally, the pineal gland produces low amounts of melatonin during the day and high amounts at night; this rhythm is reflected in the blood melatonin concentrations which are higher at night than during the day. In both man and lower mammals, their exposure to light at night is followed by a drop in pineal melatonin production and blood melatonin levels. Likewise, exposure of non-human mammals to sinusoidal electric and/or magnetic fields as well as pulsed static magnetic fields often reduces pineal melatonin production. Melatonin has many functions in the organism and any perturbation (not only electromagnetic fields) which causes levels of melatonin to be lower than normal may have significant physiological consequences. Melatonin, because it is a potent antioxidant, may provide significant protection against cancer initiation as well as promotion. However, it is premature to conclude that the alleged increased cancer risk reported in individuals living in higher than normal electromagnetic environments relate to reduced melatonin levels caused by such field exposures. Effects of Short Term Exposure to 60 Hz Electromagnetic Fields on Interleukin 1 and Interleukin 6 Production by Peritoneal Exudate Cells. Morandi MA; Delrio JA; Caren RP; Caren LD Life Sciences; 54 (11) p731-738 1994 *The relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and human health is of increasing interest. Exposure to EMF has been linked to leukemia and brain tumors in some but not all epidemiological studies. The effects of separate and combined alternating electric and magnetic fields on interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production were measured in this study. Helmholtz coils and parallel plate electrodes were used to create uniform field characteristics (300 V/in., 0.3 mT). Effects were studied at a combined field frequency of 60 Hz. This frequency did not elevate culture temperatures above ambient room temperature. Murine thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were exposed to an electric field (E), magnetic field (M), combined electric and magnetic field (EM), or no field (control). Three samples of PEC from each mouse were cultured with lipopolysaccharide in each field. Using commercial ELISA kits, supernatants of cell cultures were tested in duplicate after 24 hours of exposure for IL-l alpha levels and after 48 hours of exposure for IL-6 levels. Results were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). As a group, IL-l production by the PEC from five mice and IL-6 production by the PEC from nine mice were unaffected by electric, magnetic, or combined electric and magnetic fields. Results from these experiments indicate that the 24-hour exposure to 60 Hz electric, magnetic, or combined electromagnetic fields had no effect on IL-l production. Forty-eight hours of exposure to the same fields did not affect IL-6 production. Circularly Polarized 50-Hz Magnetic Field Exposure Reduces Pineal Gland and Blood Melatonin Concentrations of Long- Evans Rats. Kato M; Honma K; Shigemitsu T; Shiga Y Neuroscience Letters; 166 (1) p59-62 JAN 17 1994 *In order to determine if pigmented rats also exhibit melatonin suppression like that described for albino rats exposed to circularly polarized, 50-Hz, 1-mu T magnetic fields for 6 weeks, two experiments were conducted with male Long-Evans rats. The field-exposed experimental group received circularly polarized, 50-Hz, 1-mu T magnetic fields for 6 weeks, the concurrent sham- exposed control group was exposed to the stray field of 0.02 mu T. In addition, prior to the exposure experiment, two cage- control groups were placed in the Facility for 6 weeks without activation of the 50-Hz magnetic field generation apparatus. Rats were sacrificed at 12.00 and at 24.00 h for collection of plasma and pineal gland: melatonin was determined by radioimmunoassay. Significant reductions of plasma and pineal gland melatonin contents were observed at 0.02 mu T as compared to the control values, and a further reduction was observed at 1 mu T. As do albino rats, pigmented rats also exhibit melatonin suppression when exposed to time-varying magnetic fields. Intermittent 50 Hz Magnetic Field and Skin Tumour Promotion in Sencar Mice. Rannug A; Holmberg B; Ekstrom T; Mild KH; Gimenezconti I; Slaga TJ Carcinogenesis; 15 (2) p153-157 FEB 1994 *A number of epidemiological studies have indicated association between exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and a variety of cancers, including leukaemia and brain tumours among residentially exposed children and among occupationally exposed adults. In order to test if intermittent magnetic fields (MF) act as a tumour promoter, a long- term skin carcinogenicity study of 50 Hz sinusoidal MF with flux densities of 50 mu T and 0.5 mT, continuous as well as with an intermittence of 15 s on/off, was performed. Female SENCAR mice were divided into eight groups of 50 animals in each and treated according to an initiation- promotion scheme. 7,12- dimethyIbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) in acetone was applied to the dorsal skin at a subcarcinogenic dose, as an initiator and exposure to MF was performed for 19-21 h/day during 104 weeks starting 1 week after the initiator treatment. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoytphorbol-13- acetate (TPA) was used as a positive control for skin tumour promoting activity. Two animals from each group were assigned for skin hyperplasia analysis at 2, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months. The animals were observed daily. The appearance of skin lesions and neoplasms were carefully followed and histopathological diagnosis was made for all neoplasms present at death. The experiment was terminated after 105 weeks. DMBA-treatment alone yielded altogether two skin tumours in two tumour-bearing animals and the animals exposed to acetone alone had one skin tumour. The animals exposed to continuous fields showed no skin tumour. Five animals exposed to 0.5 mT on/off had a total of 13 skin tumours and in the group exposed to 50 mu T on/off four animals had a total of four skin tumours. The on/off exposed groups differed significantly from the continuously exposed groups (P = 0.014) but the difference between the on/off exposure groups and the DMBA group was not statistically significant when tumour-bearing animals and cumulated skin tumours were compared. There was a statistically significant dose trend (P = 0.045) with flux density and Tesla-h for intermittent MF exposure for cumulated skin tumours per tumour- bearing animals. The epithelial thickness of DMBA + MF-treated animals was of the same magnitude as for DMBA-treated animals indicating that, in the case of a promoting effect being present, another mechanism than one involving sustained hyperplasia may be involved. Dual Nature of the Intracellular Cations - Conductance of Adsorbed Intracellular Cations in the Region of Microwave Frequencies. Hummel Z Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR; 25 (4) p261-271 1993 *The majority of intracellular ions was ''invisible'' by classical conductance measurements over the regions of audio and radio frequencies. In the microwave region ah the cations become ''visible'' in muscles. A non-invasive method is found to determine the cationic content of biological tissues. The better the physical condition of the muscle the greater the new parameter, the invisible cationic conductivity. 15% of the total cation content is released by thermal treatment that was probably associated with negative phosphate or carboxylate groups of the lipoid surface of the membrane structure. This K+ fraction in the frog muscle has been already discovered by three quite different methods. Frequency-Specific Blocking in the Human Brain Caused by Electromagnetic Fields. Bell GB; Marino AA; Chesson AL Neuroreport; 5 (4) p510-512 JAN 12 1994 *BASED on preliminary observations that continuous exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produced an after-effect on human brain electrical activity, the effect of 10 Hz, 1 gauss, on the intrinsic activity of the brain at that frequency was studied. Ten subjects were exposed for 10 min and the 10 Hz spectral power was measured during the 1 min interval following stimulation and compared with control values obtained from the same subjects. Significantly reduced brain electrical activity from the occipital electrodes following termination of the EMF exposure was observed, thereby confirming the preliminary results. Description of Persons with Symptoms Presumed to Be Caused by Electricity or Visual Display Units - Oral Aspects. Bergdahl J; Anneroth G; Stenman E Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research; 102 (1) p41-45 FEB 1994 *A questionnaire containing 20 questions was sent to 1?7 members of the Association for Those Injured by Electricity and Visual Display Units in northern Sweden, of whom 103 (81%) answered. The questionnaire consisted of questions about age, sex, and place of work! Furthermore, the members were asked to state: 1) their general and oral symptoms; 2) whether they thought that dental amalgam and other types of dental filling materials had affected their symptoms; 3) whether they were replacing or had replaced their amalgam fillings and, if so, what effect it had had on their symptoms; 4) whether they had been medically examined; and 5) whether they were pr had been sick-listed for their complaints. Of those who answered the questionnaire, 79% were women (mean age 45 yr) and 21% men (mean age 42 yr), Sixty percent worked in offices. In 82%, the symptoms had started at work. The mean duration of the symptoms was 5.2 yr. The symptoms were aggravated mostly in ''electric environment in general'' and in ''office with computers''. Skin complaints, fatigue, and eye symptoms were the most common general symptoms. Sixty-five percent mentioned-that they had oral symptoms. Gustatory disturbances, burning mouth, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction were the most common oral symptoms. Fifty-six percent considered that dental amalgam and 24% that other dental materials affected the symptoms. Twenty- one percent were in the process of replacing the amalgam fillings; 40% had already done so. After replacement, 37% had noticed a decrease of symptoms. Most had been medically examined for their complaints, and 81% had been sick-listed. Forty-two percent had received ''alternative care'. Finally, a treatment protocol for the examination and treatment of patients with symptoms caused by electricity or visual display units (VDUs) is recommended. Health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields - Overview of Research Recommendations. Savitz DA Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p71-72 DEC 1993 *We developed a series of articles concerning epidemiologic research on potential health effects of electric and magnetic fields. Our goal was to identify methodological issues that have arisen through past studies of cancer, reproduction, and neurobehavioral outcomes in order to suggest strategies to extend knowledge. Following an overview of relevant physics and engineering principles, cancer epidemiology of electric and magnetic fields is discussed separately with a focus on epidemiologic methods and cancer biology, respectively. Reproductive health studies, many of which focus on exposure from video display terminals are then summarized, followed by an evaluation of the limited literature on neurobehavioral outcomes, including suicide and depression. Methodological issues in exposure assessment are discussed, focusing on the challenges in residential exposure assessment and interpretation of wire configuration codes. An overview offers recommendations for priorities across these topic areas, emphasizing the importance of resolving the question of wire codes and childhood cancer. Collectively, these articles provide an array of observations and suggestions regarding the epidemiologic literature, recognizing the potential benefits to science and public policy. Introduction to Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p73-81 DEC 1993 *This paper introduces the reader to electric and magnetic fields, particularly those fields produced by electric power systems and other sources using frequencies in the power- frequency range. Electric fields are produced by electric charges; a magnetic field also is produced if these charges are in motion. Electric fields exert forces on other charges; if in motion, these charges will experience magnetic forces. Power- frequency electric and magnetic fields induce electric currents in conducting bodies such as living organisms. The current density vector is used to describe the distribution of current within a body. The surface of the human body is an excellent shield for power-frequency electric fields, but power-frequency magnetic fields penetrate without significant attenuation; the electric fields induced inside the body by either exposure are comparable in magnitude. Electric fields induced inside a human by most environmental electric and magnetic fields appear to be small in magnitude compared to levels naturally occurring in living tissues. Detection of such fields thus would seem to require the existence of unknown biological mechanisms. Complete characterization of a power-frequency field requires measurement of the magnitudes and electrical phases of the fundamental and harmonic amplitudes of its three vector components. Most available instrumentation measures only a small subset, or some weighted average, of these quantities. Handheld survey meters have been used widely to measure power-frequency electric and magnetic fields. Automated data-acquisition systems have come into use more recently to make electric- and magnetic-field recordings, covering periods of hours to days, in residences and other environments. Some of these systems are portable and can be worn by individuals for personal-exposure measurements. Epidemiologic Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Cancer - Strategies for Extending Knowledge. Savitz DA Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p83-91 DEC 1993 *Epidemiologic research concerning electric and magnetic fields in relation to cancer has focused on the potential etiologic roles of residential exposure on childhood cancer and occupational exposure on adult leukemia and brain cancer. Future residential studies must concentrate on exposure assessment that is enhanced by developing models of historical exposure, assessment of the relation between magnetic fields and wire codes, and consideration of alternate exposure indices. Study design issues deserving attention include possible biases in random digit dialing control selection, consideration of the temporal course of exposure and disease, and acquisition of the necessary information to assess the potential value of ecologic studies. Highest priorities are comprehensive evaluation of exposure patterns and sources and examination of the sociology and geography of residential wire codes. Future occupational studies should also concentrate on improved exposure assessment with increased attention to nonutility worker populations and development of historical exposure indicators that are superior to job titles alone. Potential carcinogens in the workplace that could act as confounders need to be more carefully examined. The temporal relation between exposure and disease and possible effect modification by other workplace agents should be incorporated into future studies. The most pressing need is for measurement of exposure patterns in a variety of worker populations and performance of traditional epidemiologic evaluations of cancer occurrence. The principal source of bias toward the null is nondifferential misclassification of exposure with improvements expected to enhance any true etiologic association that is present. Biases away from the null might include biased control selection in residential studies and chemical carcinogens acting as confounders in occupational studies. Biologically Based Epidemiological Studies of Electric Power and Cancer. Stevens RG Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p93-100 DEC 1993 *As societies industrialize, the health profile of the population changes; in general, acute infectious disease declines and chronic disease increases. Use of electricity is a hallmark of the industrialization process, but there has been no suspicion that electricity could increase the risk of cancer. Recently, however, a number of epidemiologic studies have suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) may do just that. Although few cancer experiments have been done yet, there are a number of biological effects of EMF reported in the literature that might provide bases for designing cancer experiments and epidemiologic studies. These include effects of EMF on: a) DNA transcription and translation, b) calcium balance in cells. and c) pineal production of melatonin. Alterations in DNA transcription and translation could have pleiotropic effects. Disruption of calcium homeostasis has many implications including oncogene activation, promotional activity via protein kinases and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and increasing oxidative stress. Reduction of melatonin suggests a possible increased risk of cancers of hormone-dependent tissues such as breast and prostate. The idea that a cancer-causing agent must either be an initiator or a promoter should be discarded; indeed, the phenomenologic meaning of these two terms has become confused with imputed mechanistic necessity in recent years. Agents that affect division of normal cells or of fully transformed cells can play an important role in clinical cancer development quite apart from initiation or promotion. Epidemiologic studies of EMF and cancer should attempt to take account of other products of electric power (e.g., light at night) or factors associated with occupational EMF exposure (e.g., toxic chemicals) that may increase cancer risk and therefore act as cofactors or confounders. Epidemiology and laboratory studies should act synergistically in determining if there is a problem and identifying mitigation strategies if needed. Neurobehavioral Effects of Power-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Paneth N Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p101-106 DEC 1993 *Some laboratory experiments have suggested that power- frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF) may be capable of influencing calcium efflux from cell membranes, pineal function, and circadian rhythms. As yet, however, no consistent, replicable laboratory model has been developed for any of these effects. Most assessments of human Volunteers exposed to EMF have been negative, but occasional effects on vigilance or alertness and some modest effects on circadian rhythmicity have been reported. Several carefully performed studies of workers occupationally exposed to high electric-field strengths have failed to find effects on behavior or cognitive functioning. Although the bulk of human research on the effects of EMF on cognitive performance is negative, there has been less assessment of behavior and psychiatric symptomatology. Because some studies, in both humans and animals, have described effects of EMF on circadian rhythms, future research might concentrate profitably on the assessment of EMF in relation to depression and other cyclically mediated psychiatric disorders. Human Adverse Reproductive Outcomes and Electromagnetic Field Exposures - Review of Epidemiologic Studies. Shaw GM; Croen LA Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p107- 119 DEC 1993 *Concerns have been raised regarding a relation between residential and occupational electromagnetic (EM) field exposures and adverse reproductive effects. This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence for this possible relation, including some pertinent methodologic issues, notes relevant findings from the experimental literature, and discusses areas for future research. Evidence is lacking for a strong association between a woman's use of a video display terminal (VDT) during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. The evidence for a strong association between a women's use of a VDT and other adverse reproductive endpoints is also lacking, with some suggestive findings for congenital malformations and too few data to reach a conclusion about other endpoints. With respect to low-level EM field exposures other than VDTs, the paucity of data prevents one from determining whether there are reproductive health risks associated with such exposures. Therefore, this is an area that needs further investigation. Given that altered growth may be an underlying biologic effect of EM field exposures, endpoints that might be pursued in future studies include congenital malformations not associated with chromosomal anomalies, intrauterine growth retardation, and chromosomally normal spontaneous abortions. Assessing Human Exposure to Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p121-133 DEC 1993 *This paper reviews published literature and current problems relating to the assessment of occupational and residential human exposures to power frequency electric and magnetic fields. Available occupational exposure data suggest that the class of job titles known as electrical workers may be an effective surrogate for time-weighted- average (TWA) magnetic-field (but not electric-field) exposure. Current research in occupational- exposure assessment is directed to the construction of job- exposure matrices based on electric- and magnetic-field measurements and estimates of worker exposures to chemicals and other factors of interest. Recent work has identified five principal sources of residential magnetic fields: electric power transmission lines, electric power distribution lines, ground currents, home wiring, and home appliances. Existing residential- exposure assessments have used one or more of the following techniques: questionnaires, wiring configuration coding, theoretical field calculations, spot electric- and magnetic-field measurements, fixed-site magnetic-field recordings, personal- exposure measurements, and geomagnetic-field measurements. Available normal-power magnetic-field data for residences differ substantially between studies. it is not known if these differences are due to geographical differences, differences in measurement protocols, or instrumentation differences. Wiring codes and measured magnetic fields (but not electric fields) are associated weakly. Available data suggest, but are far from proving, that spot measurements may be more effective than wire codes as predictors of long-term historical magnetic-field exposure. Two studies find that away-from-home TWA magnetic-field exposures are less variable than at-home exposures. The importance of home appliances as contributors to total residential magnetic-field exposure is not known at this time. It also is not known what characteristics (if any) of residential electric and magnetic fields are determinants of human health effects. Problems and Priorities in Epidemiologic Research on Human Health Effects Related to Wiring Code and Electric and Magnetic Fields. Siemiatycki J Environmental Health Perspectives; 101 p135-141 DEC 1993 *Because of a reported excess of cancers among children living near power lines, there is some concern that electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) induced by electric power sources may affect human health, and this possibility has provoked considerable controversy. The scientific question of whether there are such health effects is far from resolved. Building upon a set of detailed reviews of the available evidence, this paper proposes research priorities and places particular emphasis on epidemiologic research. The most pressing need is to verify the validity of the claim that childhood cancer risk is affected by the type of wiring code in the vicinity of the household. More useful work can be done to verify this in the areas in which such studies have already been carried out, and additional studies should be done elsewhere. Methodological investigation of the interrelationships among different measures and proxies for EMF is needed, and this could feed back to influence the type of EMF measures used in epidemiologic studies. Studies of cancer among adults in relation to EMFs in the work place are needed. Of lower priority are studies of adverse reproductive outcomes in relation to parental EMF exposure and studies of the neurobehavioral impact of chronic EMF exposure. This article also discusses the structural impediments of conducting environmental epidemiology research and argues that bold, large-scale epidemiologic monitoring systems are needed. There isa discussion of the interface between epidemiology and public policy in a topic area as controversial as EMFs. Effect of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Pulsed Field Stimulation on Yeast Fermentation in Presence of Dicarboxylic and Tricarboxylic Acids. Bolognani L; Notari PL; Cadossi R; Magnani C; Venturelli T; Volpi N Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (1) p27- 35 1994 *Dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids were added to yeast samples suspended in sucrose. The fermentative activity (measured as CO2 production by manometric equipment and referred as mu l CO2/h produced by 100 mg of yeast) was compared: (a) in samples with acid added versus samples without acid; (b) in samples with acid added and submitted to electromagnetic (EM) pulsed field versus nontreated samples; (c) in samples treated with EM pulsed field versus nontreated samples. The following acids are effective in enhancing CO2 production: oxaloacetic (+126.6%), succinic (+47.5%), fumaric (+57.2%), L-malic (+109.8%), and D- malic (+98.9%). alpha-Ketoglutaric (-23.9%) does not enhance fermentative activity. Citric acid (+93.2%) and isocitric acid (+4.6%) stimulate fermentation activity to different percentages. EMF stimulates CO2 production by 52.3% (p < 0.01) With respect to nontreated samples. EMF treatment of yeast added with fumaric (+78.8%, p < 0.01), oxaloacetic (+36.3%, p < 0.01), succinic (+27.9%, p < 0.01), alpha-ketoglutaric (+116.7%, p < 0.01), L- malic (+66.3%, p < 0.01), and D- malic (+49.7%, p < 0.01) acids enhances CO2 production. EMF is also effective in stimulating yeast fermentation in the presence of citric (+23.1%, p < 0.01) and isocitric (+59.8%, p < 0.01) acids. Cooperative Response of Escherichia Coli Cells to the Resonance Effect of Millimeter Waves at Super Low Intensity. Belyaev IY; Alipov YD; Shcheglov VS; Polunin VA; Aizenberg OA Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (1) p53-66 1994 *Cells of Escherichia coli K12 AB1157 were irradiated with millimeter waves (MMW) within the power density (PD) range of 10(-20) to 10(-4) W/cm(2). MMW were applied for 0.5-70 min at 51.76 GHz or 41.32 GHz at which, as had been shown earlier, MMW resonantly changes the genome conformational state (GCS) of E. coli K12 AB1157 cells. The changes in the GCS were tested with the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD). It was demonstrated that the resonance effect of MMW manifests itself at PD up to 10(- 19) W/cm(2). Dependences of MMW effect on power density and time of exposure proved to have distinct characteristics when cells are irradiated during the logarithmic or stationary phases of the culture's growth. It was found that the resonance effect of MMW on the GCS of E. coli cells at the early stationary phase changes the developmental dynamics of the irradiated culture. It was established for the first time that the magnitude of the resonance MMW effect depends on the concentration of irradiated cells. An analysis of the results indicates an electromagnetic rather than diffusion nature of the cells' cooperative responses to millimeter waves. Magnetic Pulses Elevate Nociceptive Thresholds - Comparisons with Opiate Receptor Compounds in Normal and Seizure-Induced Brain- Damaged Rats. Fleming JL; Persinger MA; Koren SA Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (1) p67-75 1994 *Normal rats or rats with seizure-induced limbic-thalamic damage were given one of five treatments: control, saline injections, morphine (4 mg/kg) injections, naloxone (10 mg/kg) injections, or magnetic pulses, on 3 successive days. Flinch thresholds to electric shock were determined before the treatments and 20 and 40 min following the treatments on each of the 3 days. The results indicated that the magnetic pulsed fields (1 s of a 5 x 10(-6) T burst firing pattern every 4 s for 20 min) elicited a more prolonged and larger analgesic effect than the other treatments; the effect size was sufficient to be of potential clinical relevance. The characteristics of the magnetic treatment effect suggest there is a release of endogenous analgesics whose half-life is greater than experimental dosages of morphine. An Introduction to the Study of ELF Magnetic Field Effects on White Blood Cells in Mice. Picazo ML; Vallejo D; Bardasano JL Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (1) p77-84 1994 *The purpose of this work was to initiate a study of extremely low-frequency magnetic field effects on peripheral blood in mice. Female OF1 outbred mice resistant to spontaneous tumors were introduced into an experimental magnetic field of a 0.1 mT 50 Hz sinusoidal wave generated by a source in a solenoid, for 3 months. As a consequence of physical agents, a significant leukopenia and significant qualitative alterations of white blood cells (blast cells and young lymphocytes increased) were detected in all exposed specimens. This pathology is identified as lymphocytic aleukemic leukemia. Artificial Simulation of Naturally Occurring, Biologically Active Atmospherics. Ruhenstrothbauer G; Hoffmann G; Vogl S; Baumer H; Kulzer R; Peters J; Staub F Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (1) p85-92 1994 *In recent years, partial high correlations with low-error probabilities have been detected between naturally occurring atmospherics and certain meteorological or biological/pathological parameters. Correlations are, in principle, not able to demonstrate causal relationships. However, we have now succeeded in constructing an apparatus that artificially simulates certain naturally occurring atmospheric spectra. With it, the proliferative activity of C6-glioma cells in vitro may be influenced in a similar manner as the correlation with naturally occurring atmospherics. This may have far- reaching theoretical and practical consequences. Radio Frequency Currents Induced in the Human Body for Medium- Frequency/High- Frequency Broadcast Antennas. Jokela K; Puranen L; Gandhi OP Health Physics; 66 (3) p237- 244 MAR 1994 *Radio frequency currents in the human body, induced by high- frequency and medium- frequency high-power broadcast antennas, were studied theoretically and experimentally. An analytical formula was derived to calculate the foot currents in a grounded semispheroidal model of the human body. The model agrees within 30% with the results given by the standard formula presented by Gandhi on the basis of measurements with humans. Near 100 WHz, the model predicts a decrease of 14% of the current dissipated in the human body, which is due to the beta relaxation of the cells. The effect of the body and foot-contact impedances were studied with the aid of a simplified equivalent circuit which showed that the body,impedance does not considerably affect the foot current below 10 MHz. The normalized foot currents measured in front of the broadcast antennas were within 30% agreement of the currents calculated with the Gandhi formula from the electric fields measured at a height of 1 m. The foot currents are induced by vertical electric fields for both medium-frequency and high- frequency antennas in spite of a strong horizontal component in the latter case. The distance at which the occupational exposure limit of 200 mA was exceeded in the worst (maximum coupling) case was 50 m for the high-frequency antenna and <14 m for the medium- frequency antenna. In the latter case, the radio frequency shocks resulting from touching ungrounded metallic bodies impose a practical limit to about 40 m. A Test of the Influence of Cyclotron Resonance Exposures on Diatom Motility. Prasad AV; Miller MW; Cox C; Carstensen EL; Hoops H; Brayman AA Health Physics; 66 (3) p305-312 MAR 1994 *An attempt was made to test the hypothesis (McLeod et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1987) that a certain combination of direct current and alternating current magnetic field exposures at room temperature results in an increase in motility of a marine diatom (Amphora coffeaeformis) to a maximum value. Diatom motility increased as a function of calcium concentration in the medium, as reported by McLeod et al. (1987) and Smith et al. (1987). There was, however, no effect of the magnetic field exposures on diatom motility. The exposures employed 16-Hz magnetic. fields with amplitudes of 21 or 29.7 mu T (21 mu T rms) as well. as 21 mu T (amplitude) fields at frequencies above and below the reported ''resonance'' frequency. All experiments were conducted double blindly, and each trial had its own positive control. Update on Methodological Issues in the Epidemiology of Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer. Savitz DA; Pearce N; Poole C Epidemiologic Reviews; 15 (2) p558-566 1993 Magnetic Field Effects on Spatial Discrimination Learning in Mice. Levine RL; Bluni TD Physiology & Behavior; 55 (3) p465-467 MAR 1994 *A magnetic sense has been demonstrated in several species, including mice. It has been suggested that the basis of this sense, and its role in navigation, rests on the existence of ferromagnetic materials in the brain. Several researchers have shown changes in navigation during exposure to relatively weak magnetic fields, which presumably interact with magnetite in the brain. In this study, mice were exposed to the powerful magnetic field of an MRI scanner and their left-right discrimination learning was compared with a control group. Results indicate a significant decrement in such learning ability immediately after exposure. Suggestions for future research are presented. Modification of Acoustic and Tactile Startle by Single Microwave Pulses. Seaman RL; Beblo DA; Raslear TG Physiology & Behavior; 55 (3) p587-595 MAR 1994 *Modification of acoustic and tactile startle by single microwave pulses. PHYSIOL BEHAV 55(3) 587-595, 1994.- Single microwave pulses at 1.25 GHz were delivered to the head and neck of male Long-Evans rats as a prestimulus to acoustic and tactile startle. For acoustic startle, pulses averaging 0.96 mu s in duration were tested with two specific absorption rate (specific absorption) ranges, 15.0-30.0 kW/kg (16.0-44.2 mJ/kg) and 35.5-86.0 kW/kg (66.6- 141.8 mJ/kg), delivered 201, 101, 51, 3, and 1 ms before and 1 ms after onset of a startling noise. The low- intensity pulse did not affect peak amplitude, integral, or latency of the whole- body startle response. The high- intensity pulse at 101 and 51 ms inhibited the startle response by decreasing peak amplitude and integral; at 201 and 51 ms latency was increased. The high- intensity pulse at 1 ms enhanced the startle response by increasing peak amplitude and at 3 ms by increasing integral. For tactile startle, either microwave pulses averaging 7.82 mu s in duration and 55.9-113.3 kW/kg (525.0-1055.7 mJ/kg) or 94 dB SPL clicks were delivered 157, 107, 57, and 7 ms before and 43 ms after onset of a startling air burst. The microwave pulse at 57 ms inhibited the startle response by decreasing peak amplitude; at 157, 107, 57, and 7 ms it increased latency. The microwave pulse at 43 ms after onset enhanced the startle response by increasing peak amplitude. The acoustic click at 157 and 57 ms inhibited the startle response by decreasing peak amplitude; at 157, 107, and 57 ms it increased latency. The microwave pulse inhibition and enhancement of startle were similar to previously reported effects of sensory stimuli delivered at similar lead times, indicating the possibility that action was mediated by sensory stimulation. Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Rats Is Altered by Exposure to Magnetic Fields Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 1.5-T. Prato FS; Wills JM; Roger J; Frappier H; Drost DJ; Lee TY; Shivers RR; Zabel P Microscopy Research and Technique; 27 (6) p528- 534 APR 15 1994 *We have previously reported that exposure of rats to low- field (0.15 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. However, a number of investigators have failed to observe this effect when high-field MRI (1.5 T or higher) is used. Therefore, we investigated whether or not we would observe changes using our technique at these higher fields. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised and then exposed to a 22.5 min imaging or sham procedure. Immediately following exposure, rats were injected with 1 MBq of Gd-153-DTPA intracardially and then immediately re- exposed for an additional 22.5 min. The rats were killed lh following the second MRI exposure, at which time the brain was resected and 3 ml of venous blood collected. The ratio of radioactivity per gram of brain to radioactivity per milliliter of blood, known as the brain-blood partition coefficient, was determined and used as a measure of BBB permeability. Groups of animals had different exposures. Group 1 (n = 9) was exposed to a clinically relevant MRI procedure. Group 2 (n = 20) was exposed to the same procedure except the rf specific absorption rate (SAR) was reduced to 25% and the animals were positioned 15 cm from imager centre to increase the time-varying magnetic field from 0.4 to 2.8 T/s. For the sham exposures (n = 21), the animals were placed in the imager with the static field ramped down to zero and exposed to a sound recording simulating a MRI examination. In a third group (n = 11), exposure to only the static 1.5 T was investigated, while in a fourth group (n = 15), the exposure field was only to a static 1.89 T. Sham controls for groups 3 (n = 12) and 4 (n = 19) were silent. Group 1 showed an increase in BBB permeability (5.7 +/- 0.5, mean +/- SEM, P < 0.04, n = 9); however, group 2 showed a decrease (3.9 +/- 0.2, P < 0.002, n = 20). Static field exposure of 1.5 T increased permeability (5.7 +/- 0.5, P < 0.05, n = 11) as did 1.89 T (4.7 +/- 0.4, P < 0.02, n = 15). Although there was no difference between sound and silent shams, shams done at night (4.8 +/- 0.2, n = 32) were significantly greater (P < 0.0004) than those done during the day (3.7 +/- 0.2, n = 19). Our results suggest changes in the rf and/or gradient field exposure can produce opposite effects on BBB permeability. Further, experiments involving only rf and only gradient field.- exposure are needed. The estimation of changes in BBB permeability by measuring the partition coefficient of compounds normally excluded by the BBB offers an objective quantitative technique which can detect changes of the order of 25%. This sensitivity is needed to explore the important, albeit subtle, effects of magnetic fields. Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier Induced by 915 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation, Continuous Wave and Modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz. Salford LG; Brun A; Sturesson K; Eberhardt JL; Persson BRR Microscopy Research and Technique; 27 (6) p535- 542 APR 15 1994 *Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood- brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier after exposure to the various EMF-components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans Blue labeled proteins normally not passing the BBB of rats [Salford et al. (1992), in: Resonance Phenomena in Biology, Oxford University Press, pp. 87- 91]. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with repetition rates of 8, 16, 50, and 200 s-1. The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 and 5 W/kg. The rats were not anesthetized during the 2-hour exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation of the brains under chloral hydrate anesthesia about 1 hour after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3-4 minutes, and thereafter fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 mum. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 of 62 of the controls and in 56 of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. Continuous wave resulted in 14 positive findings of 35, which differ significantly from the controls (P = 0.002). With pulsed 915 MHz microwaves with repetition rates of 200, 50, 16, and 8 s-1, 42 of 149 were positive, which is highly significant at the P = 0.001 level. This reveals that both CW and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves have the potential to open up the BBB for albumin passage. However, there is no significant difference between continuous and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves in this respect. The frequency of occurrence of extravasates (26%) was found to be independent of SAR for SAR < 2.5 W/kg, but rose significantly for the higher SAR values (to 43%). The question of whether the opening of the blood-brain barrier constitutes a health hazard demands further investigation. Effects of Light or Different Earth-Strength Magnetic Fields on the Nocturnal Melatonin Concentration in a Migratory Bird. Schneider T; Thalau HP; Semm P Neuroscience Letters; 168 (1-2) p73-75 FEB 28 1994 *The effects of light or artificial earth-strength magnetic fields (MFs) on pineal melatonin synthesis were studied in the Pied Flycatcher, a migratory bird. Serum melatonin levels exhibited a circadian rhythm with the highest values during the night and lowest during the day. Nocturnal melatonin synthesis was significantly diminished following exposure to light during the night. II was reduced by a similar extend after exposure to an artificial MF that simultaneously reversed the horizontal component of the field and altered its intensity. In contrast, melatonin levels were not significantly changed when the bird was exposed to a MF that changed only in intensity or direction. Horizontal or Vertical 50-Hz, 1-mu t Magnetic Fields Have No Effect on Pineal Gland or Plasma Melatonin Concentration of Albino Rats. Kato M; Honma K; Shigemitsu T; Shiga Y Neuroscience Letters; 168 (1-2) p205-208 FEB 28 1994 *Three experiments were carried out on male Wistar-King rats to determine if 6 weeks of exposure to horizontally- or vertically- oriented 1-mu T, 50-Hz magnetic fields suppresses melatonin content in plasma and pineal gland, as does 6 weeks of exposure to circularly- polarized, 50-Hz, 1-mu T magnetic fields. In each experiment, a concurrent sham-exposed control group was exposed to a stray field of 0.02 mu T. In addition, a separate control experiment was completed between the horizontal and vertical held experiments in which cage- controls were housed in the exposure facility for 6 weeks without activation of the magnetic field coils. Subjects were sacrificed at 12:00 or at 24:00 h for collection of plasma and pineal gland; melatonin was determined by radioimmunoassay. In contrast to the results of experiments with rotating-vector magnetic fields, there were no significant differences among 1-mu T, 0.02-mu T and control groups in melatonin concentration of pineal gland or plasma. Influence of Electromagnetism on Genes and Associated Structures. Jacobson JI Israel Journal of Medical Sciences; 30 (3) p245-248 MAR 1994 Geomagnetic Storms - Association with Incidence of Depression as Measured by Hospital Admission. Kay RW British Journal of Psychiatry; 164 p403-409 MAR 1994 *The hypothesis that geomagnetic storms may partly account for the seasonal variation in the incidence of depression, by acting as a precipitant of depressive illness in susceptible individuals, is supported by a statistically significant 36.2% increase in male hospital admissions with a diagnosis of depressed phase, manic-depressive illness in the second week following such storms compared with geomagnetically quiet control periods. There is a smaller but not statistically significant increase in female psychotic depression and non-psychotic depression admissions following storms. There was no correlatiom between geomagnetic storm levels and number of male admissions with psychotic depression, which is consistent with a threshold event affecting predisposed individuals. Phase advance in pineal circadian rhythms of melatonin synthesis may be a possible mechanism of causation or be present as a consequence of 5- hydroxytryptamine and adrenergic system dysfunction associated with geomagnetic disturbance. Effects on cell membrane permeability, calcium channel activity and retinal magneto- receptors are suggested as possible underlying biochemical mechanisms. Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Fields Among Electric Utility Workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France - 1970-1989. Theriault G; Goldberg M; Miller AB; Armstrong B; Guenel P; Deadman J; Imbernon E; To T; Chevalier A; Cyr D; Wall C American Journal of Epidemiology; 139 (6) p550- 572 MAR 15 1994 *To determine whether occupational exposure to magnetic fields of 50-60 Hz was associated with cancer among electric utility workers, the authors used a case-control design nested within three cohorts of workers at electric utilities: Electricite de France-Gaz de France, 170,000 men; Ontario Hydro, 31,543 men; and Hydro-Quebec, 21,749 men. During the observation period, 1970- 1989, 4,151 new cases of cancer occurred. Each participant's cumulative exposure to magnetic fields was estimated based on measurements of current exposure of 2,066 workers performing tasks similar to those in the cohorts using personal dosimetry. Estimates were also made of past exposure based on knowledge of current loading, work practices, and usage. Workers who had more than the median cumulative exposure to magnetic fields (3.1 microtesla (mu T)-years) had a higher risk for acute nonlymphoid leukemia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07- 5.44). The same observation holds for acute myeloid leukemia (OR = 3.15, 95% Cl 1.20-8.27). There was also an elevated risk for mean exposure above 0.2 mu T (acute nonlymphoid leukemia, OR = 2.36, 95% Cl 1.00-5.58; acute myeloid leukemia, OR = 2.25, 95% Cl 0.79-6.46). However, there were no clear dose- response trends with increasing exposure and no consistency among the three utilities. Men whose cumulative exposure to magnetic fields was above the 90th percentile (15.7 mu T-years) had an elevated risk for brain cancer (OR = 1.95, 95% Cl 0.76-5.00) that was not statistically significant. No association with magnetic fields was observed for any of the other 29 types of cancer studied, including skin melanoma, male breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Controlling for potential confounding factors did not change the results. Superimposing Spatially Coherent Electromagnetic Noise Inhibits Field-Induced Abnormalities in Developing Chick Embryos. Litovitz TA; Montrose CJ; Doinov P; Brown KM; Barber M Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p105-113 1994 *Living cells exist in an electrically noisy environment. This has led to the so-called ''signal-to- noise'' problem whereby cells are observed to respond to extremely-low- frequency (ELF) exogenous fields that are several orders of magnitude weaker than local endogenous fields associated with thermal fluctuations. To resolve this dilemma, we propose that living cells are affected only by electromagnetic fields that are spatially coherent over their surface. The basic idea is that a significant number of receptors must be simultaneously and coherently activated (biological cooperativity) to produce effects on the biochemical functioning of the cell. However, like all physical detection systems, cells are subject to the laws of conventional physics and can be confused by noise. This suggests that a spatially coherent but temporally random noise field superimposed on a coherent ELF signal will defeat the mechanism of discrimination against noise, and any observed field-induced bioeffects would be suppressed. An experimental test of this idea was conducted using morphological abnormalities in developing chick embryos caused by electromagnetic field exposure as the endpoint. At an impressed noise amplitude comparable to the ELF field strength (but roughly one-thousandth of the thermal noise field), the increased abnormality rate observed with only the ELF field present was reduced to a level essentially the same as for the control embryos. Effect of Electromagnetic Stimulation with Different Waveforms on Cultured Chick Tendon Fibroblasts. Guzelsu N; Salkind AJ; Shen X; Patel U; Thaler S; Berg RA Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p115-131 1994 *An energy efficient electromagnetic stimulator device for fracture healing was compared to a commercially available device in stimulating cell growth in tissue cultures. The energy efficient device, which conserves energy by using a bidirectional time-dependent magnetic wave form, and the commercially available stimulator, which uses a unidirectional time- dependent magnetic wave form, were tested on chick tendon fibroblasts in primary culture. Comparing non-stimulated control and cells electromagnetically stimulated with unidirectional and bidirectional waveforms showed that at the growth phase between days 2 and 3, both electrical stimulation techniques increased cell division as measured by DNA synthesis. When cells were dividing rapidly, collagen synthesis was reduced. When the cells reached the confluence there was no difference among the groups (control, unidirectionally stimulated, and bidirectionally stimulated) in terms of number of cells or collagen produced. Magnetic Fields Alter Electrical Properties of Solutions and Their Physiological Effects. Ayrapetyan SN; Grigorian KV; Avanesian AS; Stamboltsian KV Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p133- 142 1994 *Calcium chloride and snail physiological salt solutions were exposed to static magnetic fields (2.3-350 mT), and the physical properties of the solutions as well as their biologic effects were studied. Our preliminary observations show that these fields alter physicochemical properties of CaCl2 solutions and the functional effects of physiological solutions. Experiments on CaCl3 solutions demonstrated field-dependent changes of electrical conductivity, with the magnitude and the direction of conductivity change being a function of both concentration and field intensity. The changes in conductivity were maintained for periods in excess of 1 h after exposure. Conductivity changes were not found after exposure of physiological solutions to static magnetic fields, but changes of biological consequence did occur. Other experiments showed that there were several changes in cellular function observed in ganglia and isolated neurons of Helix pomatia when the perfusing medium was changed from the normal physiologic solution to the same solution after exposure to magnetic fields. These changes include membrane depolarization and increased action potential discharge reduced uptake of Ca into cells. altered content of cyclic nucleotides in ganglia. and increased volume of isolated cell bodies. A change in hydration of calcium ions may be one of the consequences of magnetic-field exposure, and in physiological solutions this change may have functional consequences. Magnetic Fields Alter Electrical Properties of Solutions and Their Physiological Effects. Ayrapetyan SN; Grigorian KV; Avanesian AS; Stamboltsian KV Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p133- 142 1994 *Calcium chloride and snail physiological salt solutions were exposed to static magnetic fields (2.3-350 mT), and the physical properties of the solutions as well as their biologic effects were studied. Our preliminary observations show that these fields alter physicochemical properties of CaCl2 solutions and the functional effects of physiological solutions. Experiments on CaCl3 solutions demonstrated field-dependent changes of electrical conductivity, with the magnitude and the direction of conductivity change being a function of both concentration and field intensity. The changes in conductivity were maintained for periods in excess of 1 h after exposure. Conductivity changes were not found after exposure of physiological solutions to static magnetic fields, but changes of biological consequence did occur. Other experiments showed that there were several changes in cellular function observed in ganglia and isolated neurons of Helix pomatia when the perfusing medium was changed from the normal physiologic solution to the same solution after exposure to magnetic fields. These changes include membrane depolarization and increased action potential discharge reduced uptake of Ca into cells. altered content of cyclic nucleotides in ganglia. and increased volume of isolated cell bodies. A change in hydration of calcium ions may be one of the consequences of magnetic-field exposure, and in physiological solutions this change may have functional consequences. Characteristics of Microwave Evoked Body Movements in Mice. Brown DO; Lu ST; Elson EC Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p143-161 1994 *Microwave evoked body movements were studied in mice. A resonant cavity was used to provide head and neck exposure of the mouse to pulsed and gated continuous wave (CW) 1.25 GHz microwaves. No difference in response to pulsed and gated CW stimuli of equal average power was found. The incidence of the microwave evoked body movements increased proportionally with specific absorption (dose) when the whole-body average specific absorption rate was at a constant level (7300 W/kg). Under a constant average specific absorption rate, the response incidence reached a plateau at 0.9 kJ/kg. For doses higher than 0.9 kJ/kg, response incidence was proportional to the specific absorption rate and reached a plateau at 900 W/kg. Body movements could be evoked by a single microwave pulse. The lowest whole-body specific absorption (SA) tested was 0.18 kJ/kg, and the corresponding brain SA was 0.29 kl/kg. Bulk heating potentials of these SAs were less than 0.1-degrees- C. For doses higher than 0.9 kJ/kg, the response incidence was also proportional to subcutaneous temperature increment and subcutaneous heating rate. The extrapolated absolute thresholds (0% incidence) were 1.21- degrees-C temperature increment and 0.24-degrees-C/s heating rate. Due to high subcutaneous heating rates, these microwaves must be perceived by the mouse as an intense thermal sensation but not a pain sensation because the temperature increment was well below the threshold for thermal pain. Results of the present study should be considered in promulgation of personnel protection guideline against high peak power but low average power microwaves. Rhesus Monkey Behavior During Exposure to High-Peak-Power 5.62- GHz Microwave Pulses. Dandrea JA; Thomas A; Hatcher DJ Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p163-176 1994 *Limits on the exposure to high-peak-power, short-duration microwave pulses have only recently been adopted. Additional data, however, are needed to understand the effects that may be produced by exposure to high-peak- power pulsed microwaves. Four male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained on an operant task for food pellet reward to investigate the behavioral effects of very high- peak-power 5.62 GHz microwaves. The operant task required monkeys to pull one plastic lever on a variable interval schedule (VI-25 s) and then respond to color signals and pull a second lever to obtain food. The monkeys were conditioned to perform a color discrimination task using, one of three colors displayed by a fiber-optic cable. A red signal was the discriminative stimulus for responding on the first lever. A response on the second lever when a green signal was presented ( 1 s duration) delivered a food pellet. If a response on the second lever was made in the presence of a white signal, a 30-s timeout occurred. While performing the behavioral task, the monkeys were exposed to microwave pulses produced by either a military radar (FPS-26A) operating at 5.62 GHz or the same radar coupled to a Stanford linear energy doubler (SLED) pulse- forming device (ITT-2972) that enhanced peak power by a factor of nine by adding a high power pulse to the radar pulse. The effects of both types of pulses were compared to sham exposure. Peak field power densities tested were 5 18, 1270, and 2520 W/cm2 for SLED pulses and 56, 128, and 277 W/cm2 for the radar pulses. The microwave pulses (radar or SLED) were delivered at 100 pps (2.8 mus radar pulse duration: almost-equal-to 50 ns SLED pulse duration) for 20 min and produced averaged whole-body SARs of 2.4 or 6 W/kg. Compared to sham exposures, significant alterations of lever responding, reaction time, and earned food pellets occurred during microwave exposure at 4 and 6 W/kg but not at 3 W/kg. There were differences between radar or SLED pulses in producing behavioral effects. Rhesus Monkey Behavior During Exposure to High-Peak-Power 5.62- GHz Microwave Pulses. Dandrea JA; Thomas A; Hatcher DJ Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (2) p163-176 1994 *Limits on the exposure to high-peak-power, short-duration microwave pulses have only recently been adopted. Additional data, however, are needed to understand the effects that may be produced by exposure to high-peak- power pulsed microwaves. Four male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained on an operant task for food pellet reward to investigate the behavioral effects of very high- peak-power 5.62 GHz microwaves. The operant task required monkeys to pull one plastic lever on a variable interval schedule (VI-25 s) and then respond to color signals and pull a second lever to obtain food. The monkeys were conditioned to perform a color discrimination task using, one of three colors displayed by a fiber-optic cable. A red signal was the discriminative stimulus for responding on the first lever. A response on the second lever when a green signal was presented ( 1 s duration) delivered a food pellet. If a response on the second lever was made in the presence of a white signal, a 30-s timeout occurred. While performing the behavioral task, the monkeys were exposed to microwave pulses produced by either a military radar (FPS-26A) operating at 5.62 GHz or the same radar coupled to a Stanford linear energy doubler (SLED) pulse- forming device (ITT-2972) that enhanced peak power by a factor of nine by adding a high power pulse to the radar pulse. The effects of both types of pulses were compared to sham exposure. Peak field power densities tested were 5 18, 1270, and 2520 W/cm2 for SLED pulses and 56, 128, and 277 W/cm2 for the radar pulses. The microwave pulses (radar or SLED) were delivered at 100 pps (2.8 mus radar pulse duration: almost-equal-to 50 ns SLED pulse duration) for 20 min and produced averaged whole-body SARs of 2.4 or 6 W/kg. Compared to sham exposures, significant alterations of lever responding, reaction time, and earned food pellets occurred during microwave exposure at 4 and 6 W/kg but not at 3 W/kg. There were differences between radar or SLED pulses in producing behavioral effects. Modulation of Molecular Friction in Actomyosin Complex by an External Electric Field. Marin JL; Huerta M; Muniz J Journal of Theoretical Biology; 167 (2) p167-168 MAR 21 1994 Pulsed Magnetic Fields Affect Oscillations of the Adenylate Cyclase Enzyme System in Dictyostelium Discoideum, Athermally. Davies E; Olliff C; Wright I Biochemical Society Transactions; 22 (1) pS74 FEB 1994 A Static Magnetic Field Does Not Affect the Dielectric Properties of Chick Embryo Myoblast Membranes. Santini MT; Cametti C; Straface E; Grandolfo M; Indovina PL International Journal of Radiation Biology; 65 (2) p277-284 FEB 1994 *We have recently demonstrated using dielectic relaxation studies in the radiowave frequency range that sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic fields (with intensities ranging from 1 to 10 mT) induce a nonlinear change in both membrane conductivity and permittivity of primary chick embryo myoblasts in vitro. It was the aim of the present study to determine if a DC-induced static magnetic field is capable of generating similar variations in the membrane conductivity and/or the membrane permittivity of chick embryo myoblasts. The results indicate that when the myogenic cells are exposed to a static magnetic held of either 1, 3 or 5 mT (values comparable with the previous extremely low frequency study), no changes in the membrane electrical parameters can be observed with respect to controls. Differences in the characteristics of static and extremely low frequency fields as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the contrasting results with these two types of magnetic fields are discussed. Marine Biology - Sea Turtles Master Migration with Magnetic Memories. Seachrist L Science; 264 (5159) p661-662 APR 29 1994 Electrically Conducting Polymers Can Noninvasively Control the Shape and Growth of Mammalian Cells. Wong JY; Langer R; Ingber DE Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 91 (8) p3201-3204 APR 12 1994 *Electrically conducting polymers are novel in that their surface properties, including charge density and wettability, can be reversibly changed with an applied electrical potential. Such properties might render conducting polymers unique for biological applications. However, the majority of research on conducting polymers has been carried out under nonbiological conditions. We synthesized optically transparent polypyrrole thin films and studied them in environments suitable for protein adsorption and mammalian cell culture. In vitro studies demonstrated that extracellular matrix molecules, such as fibronectin, adsorb efficiently onto polypyrrole thin films and support cell attachment under serum-free conditions. When aortic endothelial cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated polypyrrole (oxidized) in either chemically defined medium or the presence of serum, cells spread normally and synthesized DNA. In contrast, when the polymer was switched to its neutral state by applying an electrical potential, both cell extension and DNA synthesis were inhibited without affecting cell viability. Application of a similar electrical potential to cells cultured on indium tin oxide surfaces had no effect on cell shape or function. These data suggest that electrically conducting polymers may represent a type of culture substrate which could provide a noninvasive means to control the shape and function of adherent cells, independent of any medium alteration. Constraints of Thermal Noise on the Effects of Weak 60-Hz Magnetic Fields Acting on Biological Magnetite. Adair RK Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 91 (8) p2925-2929 APR 12 1994 *Previous calculations of limits imposed by thermal noise on the effects of weak 60-Hz magnetic fields on biological magnetite are generalized and extended to consider multiple signals, the possibility of anomalously large magnetosome structures, and the possibility of anomalously small cytoplasm viscosities. The results indicate that the energies transmitted to the magnetite elements by fields less than 5 muT, characteristic of the electric power distribution system, will be much less than thermal noise energies. Hence, the effects of such weak fields will be masked by that noise and cannot be expected to affect biology or, therefore, the health of populations. Leukemia and Brain Tumors in Norwegian Railway Workers, a Nested Case-Control Study. Tynes T; Jynge H; Vistnes AI American Journal of Epidemiology; 139 (7) p645-653 APR 1 1994 *in an attempt to assess whether exposure to electromagnetic fields on Norwegian railways induces brain tumors or leukemia, the authors conducted a nested case- control study of railway workers based on incident cases from the Cancer Registry of Norway in a cohort of 13,030 male Norwegian railway workers who had worked on either electric or non-electric railways. The cohort comprised railway line, outdoor station, and electricity workers. The case series comprised 39 men with brain tumors and 52 men with leukemia (follow-up, 1958-1990). Each case was matched on age with four or five controls selected from the same cohort. The exposure of each study subject to electric and magnetic fields was evaluated from cumulative exposure measures based on present measurements and historical data. Limited information on potential confounders such as creosote, solvents, and herbicides was also collected; information on whether the subject had smoked was obtained by interviews with the subjects or work colleagues, The case-control analysis showed that men employed on electric railways, compared with non-electric ones, had an odds ratio for leukemia of 0.70 (adjusted for smoking) and an odds ratio for brain tumor of 0.87. No significant trend was shown for exposure to either magnetic or electric fields. These results do not support an association between exposure to 162/3- Hertz electric or magnetic fields and the risk for leukemia or brain tumors. Electrical Activity of the Hypothalamus During Exposure of Biologically Active Points to Millimeter Radiation. Khramov RN; Karpuk NI; Vorobev VV; Galchenko AA; Kosarskii LS Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 116 (9) p1093-1095 SEP 1993 Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on the Enzyme Activity of Rheumatoid Synovial Fluid Cells in Vitro. Mohamedali H; Kolkenbrock H; Ulbrich N; Sorensen H; Kramer KD; Merker HJ European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry; 32 (4) p319-326 APR 1994 *Since positive clinical effects have been observed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with electromagnetic fields of weak strength and low frequency range (magnetic field strength: 70 mu T; frequency: 1.36-14.44 Hz), an attempt was made to analyse the effects of these electromagnetic fields on enzyme activity in monolayer cultures of rheumatoid synovial fluid cells after single irradiation of the cultures for 24 hours. We only investigated the matrix metalloproteinases (collagenase, gelatinase, proteinase 24.11 and aminopeptidases). It was found that electromagnetic fields of such a weak strength and low frequency range do not generally have a uniform effect on the activity of the different proteinases in vitro. While aminopeptidases do not show any great changes in activity, the peptidases hydrolysing N(2,4)- dinitrophenyl-peptide exhibit a distinct increase in activity in the late phase in culture medium without fetal calf serum. In the presence of fetal calf serum this effect is not observed and enzyme activity is diminished. Our experiments do not show whether such a phase-bound increase in the activity of proteinases in vitro is only one finding in a much broader range of effects of electromagnetic fields, or whether it is a specific effect of weak pulsed magnetic fields of 285 +/- 33 nT on emzyme activity after single irradiation. This question requires further elucidation. Lack of Chromosomal Aberration and Micronucleus Induction in Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Pulsed Magnetic Fields. Scarfi MR; Lioi MB; Zeni O; Franceschetti G; Franceschi C; Bersani F Mutation Research; 306 (2) p129-133 APR 15 1994 *We exposed human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures to 50 Hz pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) in order to evaluate a possible genotoxic effect of such non-ionizing radiation. The genotoxic effect was evaluated in terms of both micronucleus (MN) induction and classical chromosomal aberrations (CA); the mitotic index (MI) was also calculated. Khalil and Qassem (1991) found chromosomal and chromatid breaks and mitotic delay in human lymphocytes exposed for 24, 48 and 72 h to a field with characteristics similar to those used in our laboratory. These data are in contrast with our results previously reported in terms of MN induction using the cytokinesis block method (Scarfi et al., 1991). In this study lymphocytes from five healthy human donors were examined with the above mentioned tests. No genotoxic effects and increased MI were found in exposed samples compared to the control ones, in agreement with our previous results. Effects of Weak Alternating Magnetic Fields on Nocturnal Melatonin Production and Mammary Carcinogenesis in Rats. Loscher W; Wahnschaffe U; Mevissen M; Lerchl A; Stamm A Oncology; 51 (3) p288-295 MAY-JUN 1994 *Since extremely low frequency (i.e., 50- or 60-Hz) magnetic fields (MFs) from overhead power lines and other electromagnetic sources are ubiquitous in modern societies, the possible carcinogenic effect of such fields recently suggested by epidemiological studies has engendered much concern. However, in view of various unknown and uncontrolled variables which may bias epidemiological studies on MF interactions, a causal relationship between MFs and tumorigenesis can only be determined precisely in animal experiments. The goal of the study reported here was to determine if low frequency MFs at the low flux densities which are relevant for human populations induce tumor-promoting or copromoting effects in a model of breast cancer. Furthermore, since reduction in pineal production of melatonin has been implicated as a cause of tumor promotion by electromagnetic fields, determinations of nocturnal melatonin peak levels in serum were performed during MF exposure. Mammary tumors were induced by intragastric administration of 20 mg (5 mg/week) 7,12- dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) in female Sprague- Dawley rats. Groups of 36 rats were either sham-exposed or exposed for 91 days at a 50-Hz gradient MF of 0.3-1 mu T, which is a relevant range for elevated domestic MF exposure as arising from neighboring power lines. Nocturnal melatonin levels were significantly reduced by exposure to this weak alternating MF. However, histopathological evaluation of mammary lesions did not disclose any significant difference between MF- and sham- exposed animals. Incidence of mammary tumors was 61% in controls versus 67% in MF-exposed rats. The predominant tumor type was the invasive adenocarcinoma, which was found in 21 rats of both groups. Examination of tumor size did not indicate significant differences in tumor burden between both groups. Furthermore, the incidence of preneoplastic lesions was not altered by MF exposure. Thus, the data of this study indicate that alternating MF do not exert signficant tumor promoting or copromoting effects at environmentally relevant flux densities in the rat mammary cancer system. Electric Field Exposure and Evidence of Stress in Mice. Debruyn L; Dejager L Environmental Research; 65 (1) p149-160 APR 1994 *The effect of stress induced by an electric field on the adrenal gland cortex of mice was examined by means of corticosterone serum assay and evaluation of the lipid profile of the different zones of the cortex. Six generations of experimental mice were exposed to a 10 kV/m electric field from conception and corresponding control groups were sham exposed. Mice were sacrificed at 35 days (n = 10), as adults (n = 20) and at 18 months (old mice) (n = 10). Blinded lipid estimates were performed on histological preparations of the adrenals, serum corticosterone levels were determined, and the results were statistically analyzed. The mean lipid volume in the zona glomerulosa of the exposed adult male group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.004). The median daytime corticosterone level of the exposed male mice was also significantly higher than that in the controls (P = 0.02). The lipid profiles and corticosterone values in the other subgroups did not differ significantly. As chronic stress increases the lipid volume of all the zones of the adrenal cortex and stimulates the zona glomerulosa to corticosterone secretion, the data suggests that the electric field acted as a chronic stressor in the adult male mice. Animal Studies on the Role of 50/60-Hertz Magnetic Fields in Carcinogenesis. Loscher W; Mevissen M Life Sciences; 54 (21) p1531-1543 1994 *A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to 50/60-Hz magnetic fields (MF) from power lines and electrical equipment may be associated with a modestly increased incidence of various types of cancer. Laboratory studies have indicated that nonionizing radiation has no mutagenic effect, i.e. does not initiate cancer. Thus, if 50/60-Hz MF are truly associated with an increased risk of cancer, then these fields must act as a promoter or co- promoter of cancer in cells that have already been initiated. This paper reviews the evidence produced by animal studies. As shown in this review, the available animal data on 50/60-Hz MF exposures seem to indicate that intermediate MF exposure exerts co-promoting effects in different tumor models, particularly cocarcinogenesis models of breast cancer, while chronic (up to life-time) exposure may exert promoting effects on ''spontaneous'' development of certain tumors. The tumor promoting or co- promoting effects of 50/60-Hz MF exposure found in several animal studies could relate to actions of MF on gene expression, immune surveillance, and Ca2+ homeostasis as demonstrated by in vitro experiments in cell cultures. However, the most plausible evidence for an in vivo effect of MF exposure which could be related to tumor promotion is reduction of circulating levels of melatonin, i.e. a hormone which is inhibitory to the growth of a wide range of cancers, particularly breast cancer. Animal studies have shown that 50-Hz MF exposure at flux densities as low as 0.3-1 mu Tesla significantly reduces nocturnal melatonin levels in plasma. While decrease of melatonin levels alone could explain tumor promoting or co-promoting effect of MF exposure, recent data indicate that MF exposure also impairs the effects of melatonin at the cellular level. Thus, the oncostatic effect of melatonin on cell proliferation of a human breast cancer cell line was antagonized by 60-Hz MF exposure at a flux density of about 1 mu Tesla. All these data indicate that interactions between 50/60-HZ MF exposure and melatonin may be the key mechanism of any carcinogenic effects. Although the existing experimental evidence is still insufficient for discerning a cause-effect relationship for MF exposure and human disease or injury, it does suggest the need for further laboratory research under well-defined laboratory exposure conditions to allow for a realistic assessment of the possible health risks and their magnitude. Risk of Cancer and Exposure to Power Lines - Still No Answers. Philips A British Medical Journal; 308 (6937) p1162 APR 30 1994 - Reply. Olsen JH; Nielsen A; Schulgen G p1162- 1163- Reply. Verkasalo PK; Heikkila K; Pukkala E; Hongisto MY; Valjus J; Jarvinen PJ; Koskenvuo M p1163 Changes in Polypeptide Distribution Stimulated by Different Levels of Electromagnetic and Thermal Stress. Blank M; Khorkova O; Goodman R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 33 (2) p109- 114 MAY 1994 *The distribution patterns of proteins synthesized by Sciara salivary gland cells in response to weak low frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields strongly resemble those following ''heat shock'' (HS). With increasing stimulus intensity of 60 Hz EM fields from 0.8 to 800 mu T and HS temperatures from 25.5 to 45 degrees C, there is also a similar sequence of changes. Two of the features in the molecular weight distribution, the %mass in the 30 kDa and 70 kDa ranges, show a similar alternating zigzag pattern in plots of the %mass with increasing stimulus intensity. The small differences between the responses to EM and HS appear to be due to the effects of the elevated temperatures in HS. The biosynthetic response to both EM and HS, when the two stimuli are given simultaneously or sequentially, is indistinguishable from the response to a single stimulus and is not additive. The responding cellular apparatus appears to be the same for both stimuli and to go through the same sequence of changes with increasing energy, even though the energies of the two stimuli differ by many orders of magnitude. Increased Levels of Hsp70 Transcripts Induced When Cells Are Exposed to Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Goodman R; Blank M; Lin H; Dai R; Khorkova O; Soo L; Weisbrot D; Henderson A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 33 (2) p115-120 MAY 1994 *Previous experiments have shown that the steady state levels of some RNA transcripts are increased when cells are exposed to extremely low frequency electric or magnetic fields. Experiments have exposed a variety of cell types, including dipteran salivary gland cells, yeast and human HL-60 cells. The range of responsive transcripts includes oncogenes such as c-myc, as well as transcripts associated with growth and development. One hypothesized mechanism of how cells respond to electromagnetic (EM) fields assumes that the response represents or mimics a generalized physiological stress response. RNA from exposed HL-60 cells, previously shown to have increased transcript levels for c-myc, was analyzed for hsp70 transcripts levels. The hsp70 transcripts were found to be elevated in ail cases, even though the cells were exposed to various fields at normal growth temperatures. The conditions of maximum induction for hsp70 were coordinate with those of c-myc. In yeast cells, the SSA1 gene (homologous to hsp70) was found to be elevated in cells exposed to EM fields at 0.8-80 mu T. In the case of yeast, conditions for maximum induction of SSA1 were coordinate with those for URA3, the gene for uracil metabolism. Thus the model of cell interaction with electric and/or magnetic fields appears to be related to the stress response model for heat shock. Morphological Response of Mammalian Cells to Pulsed AC Fields. Ghosh PM; Keese CR; Giaever I Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 33 (2) p121-133 MAY 1994 *A newly developed method of detecting morphology and morphological changes of adherent mammalian cells cultured on thin film gold electrodes (electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing) has been used to measure the response of cells to external electrical stimuli. When sufficiently high ac voltage pulses were applied, the impedance of the cell layer changed reproducibly, indicating morphological changes in the cell layer, as no such impedance changes were seen with cell-free electrodes. The response increased with increasing voltage pulses and was distinct far different cell types. The threshold voltage across the cell layer causing an observable change was found to be of the order of 0.1 V, which is higher than that reported by others using de fields. In certain cases, it was found that the impedance of the cell layer decreased upon pulsation and then started to recover, but decreased again before finally recovering. This suggests that two different events cause a drop in impedance of the cell layer when the adherent mammalian cells are transiently exposed to an external electrical field. Electric Field Stimulation Can Increase Protein Synthesis in Articular Cartilage Explants. Macginitie LA; Gluzband YA; Grodzinsky AJ Journal of Orthopaedic Research; 12 (2) p151- 160 MAR 1994 *It has been hypothesized that the electric fields associated with the dynamic loading of cartilage may affect its growth, remodeling, and biosynthesis. While the application of exogenous fields has been shown to modulate cartilage biosynthesis, it is not known what range of field magnitudes and frequencies can alter biosynthesis and how they relate to the magnitudes and frequencies of endogenous fields. Such information is necessary to understand and identify mechanisms by which fields may act on cartilage metabolism. In this study, incorporation of S- 35- methionine was used as a marker for electric field- induced changes in chondrocyte protein synthesis in disks of cartilage from the femoropatellar groove of 1 to 2- week- old calves. The cartilage was stimulated sinusoidally at 1, 10, 100, 10(3), and 10(4) Hz with current densities of 10- 30 mA/cm(2). Incorporation was assessed in control disks maintained in the absence of applied current at 37, 41, and 43 degrees C. The possibility that applied currents would induce synthesis of the same stress proteins that are caused by heating or other mechanisms was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examination of gel fluorographs. Total radiolabel incorporation in cartilage that had been stimulated relative to incorporation in the controls increased with current density magnitudes greater than 10 mA/cm(2). The increase was greatest at 100 Hz and 1 kHz, and it depended on the position on the joint surface from which the cartilage samples were taken. Together, these results suggest that endogenous electric fields could affect cartilage biosynthesis. Stress proteins were not induced at any current density when the electrodes were electrically connected but chemically isolated from the media by agarose bridges. Stress proteins were observed for disks incubated at temperatures greater than 39 degrees C (no field) and when the stimulating platinum electrodes were in direct contact with the media bathing the cartilage disks. Therefore, the increase in incorporation of S-35-methionine due to applied fields with the use of chemically isolated electrodes did not appear to be associated with stress response. Effect of electrical and magnetic fields on the nervous system. Blackman CF Vulnerable Brain and Environmental Risks, Vol 3; p341-355 1994 Directed cell movement in pulsed electric fields. Franke K; Gruler H Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C - A Journal of Biosciences; 49 (3-4) p241-249 MAR-APR 1994 *Human granulocytes exposed to pulsed electric guiding fields were investigated. The trajectories were determined from digitized pictures (phase contrast). The basic results are: (i) No directed response was induced by pulsed electric guiding fields having a zero averaged field. (ii) A directed response was induced by pulsed electric guiding fields having a non-zero averaged field. (iii) The directed response was enhanced for pulse sequencies having a repetition time of 8 s. (iv) The lag- time between signal recognition and cellular response was 8-10 s. The results are discussed in the framework of a self-ignition model. Ultrashort electromagnetic signals biophysical questions, safety issues, and medical opportunities. Albanese R; Blaschak J; Medina R; Penn J Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine; 65 (5 Suppl. 5) pA116-A120 MAY 1994 *Ultrashort electromagnetic pulses are being increasingly produced by modern high power microwave and laser devices. These ultrashort pulses can produce electromagnetic transients in tissue that prompt safety questions concerning the possible exposure of living beings to ultrashort electromagnetic pulses. The existence of electromagnetic transients may permit meaningful advances in medical therapy and imaging. Electromagnetic transients, potential medical applications, and anticipated research avenues relevant to occupational health and safety issues are discussed. The ultimate biosensor. Kiel JL Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine; 65 (5 Suppl. 5) pA121-A124 MAY 1994 *The U.S. Air Force is concerned with the health and safety of personnel working with emitters of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, an understanding of basic mechanisms of interaction of this radiation with biosystems is essential. A non-resonance, nonclassical mechanism exists for interactions with biosystems under low energy (isothermal) field conditions. This mechanism is slow, or delayed, luminescence. Such a mechanism can form the basis for very sensitive biosensors naturally or artificially connected to metabolic and synthetic cellular processes. The effects of low-level direct current therapy on a preclinical mammary carcinoma: Tumour regression and systemic biochemical sequelae. Griffin DT; Dodd NJF; Moore JV; Pullan BR; Taylor TV British Journal of Cancer; 69 (5) p875-878 MAY 1994 *Low-level direct electric current has been shown to be capable of destroying tumour tissue. Using an early- passage subcutaneous murine mammary carcinoma, the relationships between the volume of tumour destruction, charge and polarity have been examined. The results revealed a direct correlation between charge passed and absolute volume regression when the intratumoral electrode was made either an anode or a cathode. Tumour destruction for a given charge was significantly greater following anodic than cathodic treatment. A direct correlation was also observed between the percentage volume of prompt treatment-induced regression and the in situ end point of tumour growth delay. During the course of these experiments, a highly reproducible toxic effect was discovered, which has not been previously reported for this modality. An anodic charge greater than 10.6 coulombs or a cathodic charge greater than 21.6 coulombs resulted in 100% mortality at 24-72 h, while lower charges had no influence on mortality. Quantitative assays of a number of blood parameters showed that mortality was associated with serum electrolyte imbalances and appeared to be the result of the metabolic load of tumour breakdown products. These effects are similar to the tumour lysis or surgical crush syndromes and should not constitute a significant problem in clinical practice, where the tumour mass to total body mass ratio will normally be much smaller. The influence of weak electric field on the transmembrane ionic transport system. Plusnina TY; Riznitchenko GY; Aksyonov SI; Tchernyakov GM Biofizika; 39 (2) p345-350 MAR-APR 1994 *A mathematical model of the transmembrane ionic transport system with two steady states is considered. Varying low frequency electric field can cause a transition from one state to the other or initiate the oscillations between the two steady stales which induce a corresponding threshold change in the pH value and in the ionic concentration, or pH oscillations near the membrane. Stabilization of a conducting pore in bilayer lipid membranes by electric field. Buravtsev VN; Gurevich AV; Makarova TI Biofizika; 39 (2) p351-356 MAR-APR 1994 *A strong transversal electric field is shown to stabilize a macroscopic conducting pore in a lipid membrane. The dependence of the pore radius on the applied voltage is obtained. Frequency-specific responses in the human brain caused by electromagnetic fields. Bell GB; Marino AA; Chesson AL Journal of the Neurological Sciences; 123 (1-2) p26-32 MAY 1994 *The effects of 1.5- and 10-Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs), 0.2-0.4 gauss, on the intrinsic electrical activity of the human brain at these frequencies was studied. Each of 19 subjects exposed for 2-sec epochs exhibited altered brain electrical activity at the frequency of the EMF during the time of stimulation, as determined by spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram. Since brain activity at specific frequencies could be altered by applied EMFs, the results suggest that it may be possible to use EMFs to determine whether particular intrinsic frequencies subserve specific physiological or behavioral responses. Health Effects and Electromagnetic Fields. Mills WA Health Physics; 66 (6) p708 JUN 1994 - Reply. Hendee WR; Boteler JC p708 Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France: 1970-1989 (vol 139, pg 550, 1994). Theriault G; Goldberg M; Miller AB American Journal of Epidemiology; 139 (10) p1053 MAY 15 1994 Effect of Electric Field on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate .4. Volume Fraction Dependence of Human Red Cells in Plasma. Long M; Wang HB; Wu ZZ; Wu YP; Sakanishi A Biorheology; 31 (3) p287-295 MAY-JUN 1994 *We measured the volume fraction dependence of erythrocyte sedimentation for human red cells in autologous plasma while the volume fraction, H(ct), ranges from 0.220 to 0.650. A modified electrophoretic instrument was employed to investigate the electric effect of an upward DC field on erythrocyte sedimentation at a constant source supply of V(s) = 60.0 +/- 0.5 V. The sedimentation curves all coincided well with the sigmoidal type equation, l = l(max)/{1 + (t50/t)n}, at V(s) = 0, or 60.0 V. Here, l(max) is the length of plasma level, l, when the time, t, tends to infinity; t50 is the elapsed time when the plasma level falls to l(max)/2, and n is a constant (n > 0). A non-linear least-squares method was employed to fit experimental data. It was found that l(max) decreased and t50 increased with the increase of H(ct), while n ranged from 1.53 to 3.95. The volume fraction dependence of sedimentation velocity, v(max), defined as the maximum slope of the sedimentation curve, fits well with an exponential-type curve, both at V(s) = 60.0 V and at V(s) = 0 V: v(max) = v(s) (1 - H(ct))exp(- BH(ct)), where v(s) is the velocity at infinite dilution and B is a phenomenological parameter. In the range of H(ct) = 0.220- 0.650, v(s) and B are 326.1 mm/hr and 4.30, respectively, at V(s) = 60.0 V, while they are 130.4 mm/hr and 2.46, respectively, at V(s) = 0 V. Cyclic AMP Response in Cells Exposed to Electric Fields of Different Frequencies and Intensities. Knedlitschek G; Noszvainagy M; Meyerwaarden H; Schimmelpfeng J; Weibezahn KF; Dertinger H Radiation and Environmental Biophysics; 33 (2) p141- 147 APR 1994 *The action on intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) of therapeutically used 4000-Hz electric fields was investigated and compared with 50-Hz data. Cultured mouse fibroblasts were exposed for 5 minutes to 4000-Hz sine wave internal electric fields between 3 mV/m and 30 V/m applied within culture medium. A statistically significant decrease in cellular cAMP concentration relative to unexposed cells was observed for fields higher than 10 mV/m. The drop in cAMP was most pronounced at lower field strengths (71 % of controls at 30 mV/m) and tended to disappear at higher field strengths. An increase of cAMP content was observed with 50-Hz electric fields, as was also the case when 4000-Hz fields were modulated with certain low frequencies. Residential electric consumption and childhood cancer in Canada (1971-1986). Kraut A; Tate R; Tran N Archives of Environmental Health; 49 (3) p156-159 MAY-JUN 1994 *Concern has focused recently on the association between exposure to magnetic fields emanating from electrical equipment and the development of childhood cancer. An ecological study was undertaken to determine the correlation over time between childhood cancer rates and residential electric consumption (REC) in Canada. Significant increases in REC and in overall childhood cancer rates (0.14 cases/100 000 children.y) and brain cancer (0.05 cases/100 000 children.y) were observed, but a similar increase in leukemia was not observed. The average of the yearly provincial ranking of REC and cancer rates was used to determine whether provinces that have, on the average, higher REC also have higher childhood cancer ranks. Stronger correlations were observed between provincial REC rank and brain cancer and leukemia ranks than with lymphoma and other cancer rankings. These findings are consistent with, but do not prove, a causal association between childhood brain cancer and leukemia and REC. Response of a single cell to an external electric field. Krassowska W; Neu JC Biophysical Journal; 66 (6) p1768-1776 JUN 1994 *The response of a cell to an external electric field is investigated using dimensional analysis and singular perturbation. the results demonstrate that the response of a cell is a two-stage process consisting of the initial polarization that proceeds with the cellular time constant (<1 mu s), and of the actual change of physiological state that proceeds with the membrane time constant (several milliseconds). The second stage is governed, by an ordinary differential equation similar to that of a space- clamped membrane patch but formulated in terms of intracellular rather than transmembrane potential. Therefore, it is meaningful to analyze the physiological state and the dynamics of a cell as a whole instead of the physiological states and the dynamics of the underlying membrane patches. This theoretical result is illustrated with an example of an excitation of a cylindrical cell by a transverse electric field. Quantum optical coherence in cytoskeletal microtubules: Implications for brain function. Jibu M; Hagan S; Hameroff SR; Pribram KH; Yasue K Biosystems; 32 (3) p195-209 1994 *'Laser-like,' long-range coherent quantum phenomena may occur biologically within cytoskeletal microtubules. This paper presents a theoretical prediction of the occurrence in biological media of the phenomena which we term 'superradiance' and 'self- induced transparency'. Interactions between the electric dipole field of water molecules confined within the hollow core of microtubules and the quantized electromagnetic radiation field are considered, and microtubules are theorized to play the roles of non-linear coherent optical devices. Superradiance is a specific quantum mechanical ordering phenomenon with characteristic times much shorter than those of thermal interaction. Consequently, optical signalling (and computation) in microtubules would be free from both thermal noise and loss. Superradiant optical computing in networks of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures may provide a basis for biomolecular cognition and a substrate for consciousness. Electromagnetic fields: Breast cancer link claimed, criticized. Taubes G Science; 264 (5166) p1658 JUN 17 1994 Magnetic orientation and magnetoreception in birds. Able KP Progress in Neurobiology; 42 (4) p449-473 MAR 1994 Investigation of electronic conduction in proteins and DNA. Bakhshi AK Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology; 61 (3) p187-253 1994 Alteration of life span of mice chronically exposed to 2.45 GHz CW microwaves. Liddle CG; Putnam JP; Huey OP Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p177-181 1994 *Female CD1 mice were exposed from the thirty-fifth day of age for the remainder of their lives to 2.45 GHz, CW- microwave radiation at a power density of 3 or 10 mW/cm(2) (SAR = 2.0 or 6.8 W/kg). Exposures took place 1 h/day, 5 day/week in an anechoic chamber at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C and a relative humidity of 50%. There were 25 animals in each exposure group, and an equal number of controls were concurrently sham exposed. The average life span of animals exposed at 10 mW/cm(2) was significantly shorter than that of sham-exposed controls (572 days vs. 706 days; P =.049; truncation >20%). In contrast, the average lifespan of the animals exposed at 3 mW/cm(2) was slightly, but not significantly, longer (738 days) than that of controls (706 days). Influence of microwaves on different types of receptors and the role of peroxidation of lipids on receptor-protein shedding. Philippova TM; Novoselov VI; Alekseev SI Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p183-192 1994 *The effects of a continuous wave or pulse-modulated, 900 MHz microwave field were studied by in vitro assays of rat chemoreceptors. The pulsed field was modulated as rectangular waves at rates of 1, 6, 16, 32, 75, or 100 pps. The pulse-period to pulse-duration ratio was 5 in all cases, and specific absorption rates (SARs) ranged from 0.5 to 18 W/kg. Binding of ligands to cell membranes was differentially affected by exposure to microwaves. For example, binding of H-3-glutamic acid to hippocampal cells was not altered by a 15 min exposure to a continuous wave field at 1 W/kg, but binding of H-3- dihydroalprenolol to liver-cell membranes of neonates underwent a fivefold decrease under the same field conditions. This effect was not dependent on modulation or on a change in the constant of stimulus-receptor binding but depended on a shedding of the membrane's receptor elements into solution. The magnitude of inhibition correlated with the oxygen concentration in the exposed suspension. Antioxidants (dithiothreitol and ionol) inhibited the shedding of receptor elements. The microwave exposure did not cause an accumulation of products from the peroxidation of lipids (POL). Ascorbate-dependent or non- enzymatic POL was not responsible for the inhibition, and POL was not found in other model systems. However, enzymatic POL mechanisms in localized areas of receptor binding remain a possibility. Correlations among indices of electric and magnetic field exposure in electric utility workers. Savitz DA; Ohya T; Loomis DP; Senior RS; Bracken TD; Howard RL Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p193-204 1994 *Power-frequency electric and magnetic fields are known to exhibit marked temporal variation, yet in the absence of clear biological indications, the most appropriate summary indices for use in epidemiologic studies are unknown. In order to assess the statistical patterns among candidate indices, data on 4383 worker-days for magnetic fields and 2082 worker-days for electric fields collected for the Electric and Magnetic Field Project for Electric Utilities using the EMDEX meter [Bracken (1990): Pale Alto, CA: Electric Power Research institute] were analyzed. We examined correlations at the individual and job title group levels among indices of exposure to both electric and magnetic fields, including the arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, 20th and 90th percentiles, time above lower cutoffs of 20 V/m and 0.2 mu T, and time above higher cutoffs of 100 V/m and 2.0 mu T. For both electric and magnetic fields, the arithmetic mean was highly correlated with the 90th percentile; moderately correlated with the geometric mean, median, and lower and higher cutoff scores; and weakly correlated with the 20th percentile. Electric and magnetic field indices were generally weakly correlated with one another. Rank-order correlation coefficients were consistently greater than product- moment correlation coefficients. Job title group summary scores showed higher correlations among electric field indices and magnetic field indices and between electric and magnetic field indices than was found for individual worker-days, with only the 20th percentile clearly independent of the others. These results suggest that individuals' exposures are adequately characterized by a measure of central tendency for electric and magnetic fields, such as the arithmetic or geometric mean, and an indicator of a lower threshold or cutoff for each field type, such as the 20th percentile or proportion of time above 20 V/m or 0.2 mu T. A single measure of central tendency for each type of field appears to be adequate when exposures are assessed at the job title level. Protection against focal cerebral ischemia following exposure to a pulsed electromagnetic field. Grant G; Cadossi R; Steinberg G Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p205-216 1994 *There is evidence that electromagnetic stimulation may accelerate the healing of tissue damage following ischemia. We undertook this study to investigate the effects of low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on cerebral injury in a rabbit model of transient focal ischemia (2 h occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion). PEMF exposure (280 V, 75 Hz, IGEA Stimulator) was initiated 10 min after the onset of ischemia and continued throughout reperfusion (six exposed, six controls). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology were used to measure the degree of ischemic injury. Exposure to pulsed electromagnetic field attenuated cortical ischemic edema on MRI at the most anterior coronal level by 65% (P < 0.001). On histologic examination, PEMF exposure reduced ischemic neuronal damage in this same cortical area by 69% (P < 0.01) and by 43% (P < 0.05) in the striatum. Preliminary data suggest that exposure to a PEMF of short duration may have implications for the treatment of acute stroke. Clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems. Blanchard JP; Blackman CF Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p217-238 1994 *Theoretical models proposed to date have been unable to clearly predict biological results from exposure to low- intensity electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Recently a predictive ionic resonance model was proposed by Lednev, based on an earlier atomic spectroscopy theory described by Podgoretskii and Podgoretskii and Khrustalev. The ion parametric resonance (IPR) model developed in this paper corrects mathematical errors in the earlier Lednev model and extends that model to give explicit predictions of biological responses to parallel AC and DC magnetic fields caused by field-induced changes in combinations of ions within the biological system. Distinct response forms predicted by the IPR model depend explicitly on the experimentally controlled variables: magnetic flux densities of the AC and DC magnetic fields (B(a)c and B-dc, respectively); AC frequency (f(ac)); and, implicitly, charge to mass ratio of target ions. After clarifying the IPR model and extending it to combinations of different resonant ions, this paper proposes a basic set of experiments to test the IPR model directly which do not rely on the choice of a particular specimen or endpoint. while the fundamental bases of the model are supported by a variety of other studies, the IPR model is necessarily heuristic when applied to biological systems, because it is based on the premise that the magnitude and form of magnetic field interactions with unhydrated resonant ions in critical biological structures alter ion-associated biological activities that may in turn be correlated with observable effects in living systems. Empirical test of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with PC-12 cells. Blackman CF; Blanchard JP; Benane SG; House DE Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p239- 260 1994 *A companion paper describes a predictive ion parametric resonance (IPR) model of magnetic field interactions with biological systems based on a selective relation between the ratio of the flux density of the static magnetic field to the AC magnetic field and the charge-to-mass ratio of ions of biological relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF)- stimulated neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC-12 cells can be inhibited by exposure to magnetic fields as a function of either magnetic field flux density or AC magnetic field frequency. The present work examines whether the PC-12 cell response to magnetic fields is consistent with the quasiperiodic, resonance-based predictions of the IPR model. We tested changes in each of the experimentally controllable variables [flux densities of the parallel components of the AC magnetic field (B-ac) and the static magnetic field (B-dc) and the frequency of the AC magnetic field] over a range of exposure conditions sufficient to determine whether the IPR model is applicable. A multiple coil exposure system independently controlled each of these critical quantities. The perpendicular static magnetic field was controlled to less than 2 mG for air tests. The first set of tests examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz B-ac from 77 to 468 mG(rms) at a B- dc Of 366 mG. Next, we examined an off-resonance condition using 20 mc B-dc with a 45 Hz AC field across a range of B- ac between 7.9 and 21 mG(rms). Finally, we changed the AC frequency to 25 Hz, with a corresponding change in B-dc to 203 mG (to tune for the same set of ions as in the first test) and a B-ac range from 78 to 181 mG(rms). In all cases the observed responses were consistent with predictions of the IPR model. These experimental results are the first to support in detail the validity of the fundamental relationships embodied in the IPR model. Effects of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields on biological magnetite. Polk C Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p261-270 1994 *Adair [Bioelectromagnetics 14:1-4, 1993] writes that ''the effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields of 5 mu T (50 mG) or less on biological structures holding magnetite (Fe3O4) are shown to be much smaller than those from thermal agitation; hence such interactions cannot be expected to be biologically significant.'' This conclusion is questioned, because it appears to be based on a model that probably has very limited validity for pertinent biological systems. Furthermore, biologically plausible parameters can be selected to show that even this particular model does not exclude biologically significant effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields below 5 mu T. Reported experimental results indicate effects in mammals of 50 Hz fields at the 1 mu T level. Residential magnetic fields, wire codes, and pregnancy outcome. Savitz DA; Ananth CV Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (3) p271-273 1994 *The relationship of measured residential magnetic fields and wire codes to pregnancy outcome was examined in data collected for a study of childhood cancer in Denver. Pregnancies in homes with measured fields above 0.2 mu T or high wire codes were not more likely to end in miscarriage, low birth weight, or preterm delivery. Lack of data on potential confounders and small numbers of cases limit the study's conclusions. Static magnetic field influence on the activity of some respiratory enzymes in wheat. Gemishev T; Tsolova K; Markov M Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (2) p107-115 1994 *Most of the published studies on magnetic field action on biological systems have examined reactions in animals, while a smaller number of studies have reported magnetic field effects in plants. The effects of static magnetic field on the activity of several key enzymes in plant metabolism, such as malate dehydrogenase, succinate oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in young wheat seedlings, have been investigated in this study. It appears that the observed changes in enzyme activity could be considered to be a result of the influence of the magnetic field on the reactivity of these enzymes, including effects on metal cations that regulate enzyme activity. The results support the idea of the existence of ''biological windows,'' particularly with respect to exposure time. Geomagnetic field and artificial 0.2 T static magnetic field combined effect on blood pressure. Gmitrov J; Gmitrova A Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (2) p117-122 1994 *We investigated the influence of the external. time- varying component of the natural geomagnetic field - geomagnetic activity-on the degree of the 0.2 T static magnetic field (SMF) hypotensive effect. We showed previously that 0.2 T SMF applied to the carotid sinus area of anesthetized rabbits had a hypotensive effect under norepinephrine-induced hypertensive conditions (1). We found that the degree of the 0.2 T SMF hypotensive effect depends on the level of the geomagnetic activity at the time of the experiment and is maximal for days with disturbed geomagnetic activity. We concluded that in the evaluation of artificial electromagnetic fields biological effects, geomagnetic field activity must be taken into consideration, because of a possible modulating effect. Electric field exposure activates immunocytes: Evidence for calcium dependency. Stefano GB; Teoh MB; Grant A; Reid C; Teoh H; Hughes TK Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (2) p123- 136 1994 *The controversy concerning the health effects of electric field exposure, such as electromagnetic radiation (EMF), exists because of the apparent subtle effects it may cause on living tissues and organisms as noted by the inconclusive results of many investigations. Rather than follow the traditional approach of studying whole-body systems, we have examined the acute effect of electric field exposure on the immunocytes of Mytilus edulis. The results show that an in vitro electric field produced by direct current can enhance immunocyte activation and conformational change followed by locomotion, whereas repeated continuous exposure results in eventual death. EMF appears to enhance membrane permeability to calcium, which can be prevented in low electric fields by the calcium channel antagonist nimopidine. Since nimopidine protects the cells from EMF, it suggests that this form of radiation causes cell death by inducing the influx of calcium. Electrical activity of biomembranes and vectorization of intracellular processes - Comment. Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (2) p147 1994 Electrical activity of biomembranes and vectorization of intracellular processes. Kaimanovich VA; Krupitski EM; Spirov AV Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (2) p149-158 1994 *Microtubules (MT) play a key role in the vectorization of intracellular movements. We consider theoretical mechanisms of the influence of intracellular electric fields on directed polymerization and orientation of MT. A generalization of Fromherz' model of self- organization in the ionic channel system of biomembranes is used for a simulation of the interaction between the membrane electric activity and the behavior of submembrane cytoskeletal components. Numerical experiments show two possible scenarios of the system evolution similar to (1) cortical waves of polymerization of the oocyte cytoskeleton after fertilization and (2) the process of ooplasmic segregation in the zygote of ascidia Clione. A similar interaction between the membrane electric activity and directed polymerization of microtubules can also play a fundamental role in neuronal mechanisms of learning and memory. Millimeter wave effect on blood plasma solution. Litvinov GS; Gridina NY; Dovbeshko GI; Berezhinsky LI; Lisitsa MP Electro- and Magnetobiology; 13 (2) p167-174 1994 *Results of millimeter wave (MMW) radiation action on refractive index of 2-10% water solutions of human blood plasma are presented. Investigations were carried out by holographic interferometry. Incident power density of MMW radiation applied was about 10 mW/cm(2). Under MMW irradiation, a refractive index of a 2% solution of human blood plasma was detected to increase by 2.52 x 10(-4). The field effect leading to refractive index changes was opposite to the temperature effect. The MMW effect was manifested immediately after the start of irradiation, with the maximum reached after 6-7 min exposure. The initial refractive index was restored 10 min after the generator was switched off. In this paper the phenomena are explained from the point of view of collective states whose changes take place under MMW field action in aqueous solutions of biomolecules. Computer screens get the all clear. Court C British Medical Journal; 308 (6944) p1589 JUN 18 1994 The effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the formation of DNA single strand breaks in human cells. Fairbairn DW; Oneill KL Cellular and Molecular Biology; 40 (4) p561-567 JUN 1994 *Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been reported to be associated with human cancers in a number of epidemiological studies. Agents that are associated with cancer affect DNA in an adverse manner. This is a report of a DNA damage study in human cells exposed to EMFs. Single strand breaks in DNA are proposed to be necessary events in both mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The single cell gel assay is a sensitive and accurate technique that was used in this study for single strand break detection. The EMF exposure system used here appeared to have no direct effect on DNA damage induction in a series of experiments. Moreover, EMF did not have a significant effect in potentiating DNA damage in cells treated with oxidative stresses. Clastogenic effects of radiofrequency radiations on chromosomes of Tradescantia. Haider T; Knasmueller S; Kundi M; Haider M Mutation Research; 324 (1-2) p65-68 JUN 1994 *The clastogenicity of electromagnetic fields (EMF) has so far been studied only under laboratory conditions. We used the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay in an in situ experiment to find out whether short-wave electromagnetic fields used for broadcasting (10-21 MHz) may show genotoxic effects. Plant cuttings bearing young flower buds were exposed (30 h) on both sides of a slewable curtain antenna (300/500 kW, 40-170 V/m) and 15 m (90 V/m) and 30 m (70 V/m) distant from a Vertical cage antenna (100 kW) as well as at the neighbors living near the broadcasting station (200 m, 1-3 V/m). The exposure at both sides of the slewable curtain antenna was performed simultaneously within cages, one of the Faraday type shielding the field and one non-shielding mesh cage. Laboratory controls were maintained for comparison. Higher MCN frequencies than in laboratory controls were found for air exposure sites in the immediate vicinity of the antennae, where the exposure standards of the electric field strength of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) were exceeded. The results at all exposure sites except one were statistically significant. Since the parallel exposure in a non-shielding and a shielding cage also revealed significant differences in MCN frequencies (the latter showing no significant differences from laboratory controls), the clastogenic effects are clearly attributable to the short-wave radiation from the antennae. Breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. Loomis DP; Savitz DA; Ananth CV Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 86 (12) p921-925 JUN 15 1994 *Background: Previous epidemiologic studies have suggested that exposure to electric or magnetic fields in occupational and residential environments may cause cancer, Recent experimental findings provide some support for the hypothesis that exposure to extremely low- frequency electromagnetic fields reduces the pineal gland's nocturnal production of the hormone melatonin, thereby increasing susceptibility to sex hormone-related cancers such as breast cancer. Purpose: Our purpose was to assess the evidence that cancer of the female breast might be associated with exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Methods: Records of women who had breast cancer as the underlying cause of their death (ICD- 9 174) and control subjects (four per case) were selected from computer files of U.S. mortality data for the years 1985-1989. Women 20 years and older at the time of their death were eligible for inclusion if they were residents of and died in one of the 24 states that provided death certification records with occupation and industry codes to the National Center for Health Statistics for at least 1 year during the study interval. Data from death certificates were used to classify the case and control subjects with regard to potential occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields. Control subjects were a random sample of women who died of any other underlying cause, excluding leukemia and brain cancer. Results: The data analysis contrasted 68 women with breast cancer and 199 controls, all with electrical occupations, with 27 814 women with breast cancer and 110 750 controls, all of whom had other occupations. Electrical workers had excess mortality from breast cancer relative to other employed women [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.82]). Adjusted ORs for specific electrical occupations were 1.73 (95% CI = 0.92-3.25) for electrical engineers, 1.28 (95% CI = 0.79-2.07) for electrical technicians, and 2.17 (95% CI = 1.17-4.02) for telephone installers, repairers, and line workers. There was no excess of breast cancer, however, in seven other occupations held more frequently by women and also involving potentially elevated electrical exposures, including telephone operators, data keyers, and computer operators and programmers. Conclusions: In light of the limitations inherent in death certification data and the design of this study, any conclusions regarding the hypothesis that exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields causes breast cancer among women must be limited. Nevertheless, our findings are broadly consistent with that hypothesis and encourage further investigation with improvements in study design and data quality; Are electric or magnetic fields affecting mortality from breast cancer in women?. Trichopoulos D p885-886 Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines. Stevens RG American Journal of Epidemiology; 140 (1) p75 JUL 1 1994 - Reply. Feychting M; Ahlbom A p75 Magnetoreception in honeybees. Hsu CY; Li CW Science; 265 (5168) p95-97 JUL 1 1994 *Magnetoreception by honeybees (Apis mellifera) is demonstrated by such activities as comb building and homing orientation, which are affected by the geomagnetic field. In other magnetoreceptive species, iron oxide crystals in the form of magnetite have been shown to be necessary for primary detection of magnetic fields. Here it is shown that trophocytes, which are apparently the only iron granule-containing cells in honeybees, contain superparamagnetic magnetite. These cells are innervated by the nervous system, which suggests that trophocytes might be primarily responsible for magnetoreception. Electron microscopy also shows cytoskeletal attachments to the iron granule membrane. Changes of the Oxygen Capacity of the Blood Under the Influence of a Constant Magnetic Field. Skorik VI; Zhernovoi AI; Sharshina LM; Kulikova NA; Rudakova ZV; Chirukhin VA Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 116 (10) p1243-1245 OCT 1993 Weak Pulsed Current Narrow-Resonance Stimulation of Antibody Production in Mice. Podkolzin AA; Dontsov VI Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 116 (10) p1279- 1281 OCT 1993 Model for the rationalization of magnetic field effects in vivo. Application of the radical pair mechanism to biological systems. Scaiano JC; Cozens FL; Mclean J Photochemistry and Photobiology; 59 (6) p585-589 JUN 1994 *A model for magnetic field effects in biological systems is proposed. This model employs the basic concepts of the radical pair mechanism, and predicts that magnetic fields will increase the average radical concentration, lengthen their lifetime and enhance the probability of radical reactions with cellular components. The relevance of these effects in relation to cancer initiation, promotion and progression is discussed. Acoustic detection of triplet states formed by radical pair recombination in quinone-depleted photosynthetic reaction centers, by magnetic field modulation (magnetophotoacoustic effect) - A feasibility study. Malkin S; Hoff AJ Photochemistry and Photobiology; 59 (6) p670-676 JUN 1994 *An acoustic method is outlined to detect triplet states formed by radical pair recombination in photosynthetic reaction centers. It is based on magnetic field effect on the probability of triplet state formation by recombination. Using a periodically modulated magnetic field in the presence of constant exciting light, a periodic modulation of the triplet state concentration is set in the sample, which is detected through the corresponding modulated heat emission, transduced to acoustic vibration of the gas phase around the sample. This effect is similar to the photoacoustic effect, except that here the light is not modulated. The feasibility of detecting such an effect was proven experimentally, by obtaining a signal from quinone-depleted reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The signal had twice the frequency of the magnetic field modulation; it was proportional to the light intensity and significantly stronger at the lower temperatures (in the investigated range 113-278 K). No signal was obtained from quinone- containing reaction centers, which do not produce triplets. A theoretical outline of the effect and the experimental set-up are described. The magnitude of the effect was calibrated against ordinary photoacoustic measurements, allowing numerical evaluation of certain parameters of the triplet state (e.g. triplet energy or yield) with the aid of auxiliary information from the literature. Systemic reaction of Escherichia coli cells to weak electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequency. Alipov YD; Belyaev IY; Aizenberg OA Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 34 (1) p5-12 JUN 1994 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence was used to study changes in the genome conformational state (GCS) of Escherichia coli K12 AB1157 cells after their exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with an amplitude of magnetic induction equal to 30 mu T in the frequency range 7-12 Hz. A resonance effect which had good reproducibility and disappeared 100-170 min after the exposure of the cells was demonstrated. The direction and magnitude of the effect depended on the growth stage of the bacterial culture at which the cells were exposed to the EMF. The resonance frequencies and half-widths of the resonance dependences of the effect in the early stationary and middle logarithmic phases did not differ significantly. It was shown that the EMF resonance effect on the GCS is accompanied by considerable changes in the dynamics of cell division, DNA synthesis and protein synthesis. A comparative analysis of the systematic reactions of E. coil cells to the resonance effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) EMF and electromagnetic millimeter waves was carried out. Acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposure effects on the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland and circulation of the adult Djungarian hamster. Yellon SM Journal of Pineal Research; 16 (3) p136-144 APR 1994 *Adult male and female hamsters in long days (16 hr of light) were exposed to a 1 gauss 60 Hz magnetic field for 15 min starting 2 hr before lights off. Sham-exposed controls were placed in an adjacent exposure system but current was not applied. Hamsters were decapitated at 0.5- 2 hr intervals from 1 hr before lights off to 1 hr after lights on (n = 4- 6/clocktime/group); sera were harvested and pineal glands obtained for melatonin radioimmunoassay. In controls, pineal melatonin significantly increased from an average daytime baseline of less than 0.3 ng/gland to 3 ng/gland by 3 hr after lights off (P < 0.05, ANOVA). This increase was sustained for the duration of the night and returned to baseline within 1 hr after lights on. A similar melatonin rhythm was found in serum; concentrations ranged from 30 to 50 pg/ml at night and returned to a baseline of 12 pg/ml or less by 1 hr before lights on. The single magnetic field exposure reduced the duration and blunted the rise in the nocturnal melatonin rhythm. The study was then repeated in its entirety 6 months later. The same magnetic field treatment significantly suppressed pineal melatonin content at 5 hr after lights off and reduced serum melatonin concentrations at 3 and 5 hr after dark onset compared to sham-exposed controls. Thus, the acute magnetic field exposure was again found to blunt the increase and suppress the duration of the nighttime melatonin rise. Point-by-point comparisons with the first study, however, did not replicate the magnetic field-associated reduction in pineal melatonin content at 3 hr into the night, as well as in pineal and serum melatonin at 7.5 hr after lights off. Concern about this divergence led us to repeat the experiment for a second time 6 months later. In both sham- and magnetic field- exposed groups, melatonin increased within 3 hr after lights off and this rise was sustained until 0.5 hr before lights on; nighttime melatonin content in the pineal gland was approximately 2 ng while in circulation melatonin concentrations averaged 60 pg/ml or less. No statistical differences were evident between the control and magnetic field exposed hamsters at any clocktime (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Thus the absence of an effect of magnetic field exposure on the melatonin rhythm in either the pineal gland or circulation in this second replicate study contrasts with the clear suppression of the nocturnal melatonin rhythm in two previous experiments. Further work is needed to define the parameters of magnetic field exposure that consistently affect the pineal gland and its circadian melatonin rhythm. The time of the year for experimentation, animal age, or the endogenous response to exposure may be variables that might be understood before the physiological importance of magnetic fields for circadian time keeping mechanisms may be realized. Histochemical detection of biogenic monoamines in developing amphibian embryos in health and during exposure to a static magnetic field. Kalabekov AL; Doeva AN; Medoeva ZN; Kaitova MA Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 116 (12) p1564- 1566 DEC 1993 Effects of direct current on T cell activity: Modulation of interleukin-2 production. Holan V; Machala O; Dao T; Minowada J Immunobiology; 190 (4-5) p368-375 JUN 1994 *The production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by mitogen- stimulated human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) was significantly enhanced by a short pretreatment of PBL with direct current (DC) at low intensities. Exposure of PBL to DC of 1 mA for more than 10 min resulted in inhibition of IL-2 production which correlated with decreased proliferation capacity of the treated cells. DC had similar enhancing and inhibitory effects on IL-2 production by the mitogen-stimulated human leukemia T cell line MOLT-13. However, DC itself did not stimulate IL-2 production in PBL or in MOLT-13 cells. In tare additional T cell lines tested, MOLT-16 and H-9, DC did not enhance mitogen-stimulated IL-2 production, but suppressed it when applied at 1 mA for more than 10 min. Both the mitogen- stimulated and the interleukin- 1 (IL-1)-enhanced IL- 2 production were completely inhibited by 1 mA of DC applied for 20 min. The observed effects of DC mere due to a direct action of DC on the cells and not to possible effects of the secondary by- products of electrolysis. These results show that pretreatment of cells with DC can enhance or suppress IL-2 production depending on the intensity of DC and the type of IL-2 producing cell clones. Induced redistribution of cell surface receptors by alternating current electric fields. Cho MR; Thatte HS; Lee RC; Golan DE FASEB Journal; 8 (10) p771-776 JUL 1994 *The molecular mechanisms that underlie the biological effects of low frequency sinusoidal electric fields may involve induced changes in the physical state of charged cell surface receptors. We have used intensified fluorescence video microscopy to study the redistribution of cell surface receptors, including transferrin receptors (T(F)R) and low density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R), in response to externally applied alternating current electric fields in the 3 to 23 V/cm range (peak to peak). Redistribution of both T(F)R and LDL-R was prominent at frequencies of 1 and 10 Hz but negligible at frequencies of 60 and 120 Hz. Application of a 1 Hz, 23 V/cm field for 15 min caused a twofold change in local T(F)R surface density, whereas application of a 60 Hz, 23 V/cm field resulted in no significant T(F)R redistribution. The extent of T(F)R redistribution induced by a 1 Hz field changed by only 20% over the field strength range from 3.5 to 23 V/cm. AC field-induced cell surface receptor migration did not consistently follow electric field lines, suggesting that mechanisms more complex than classical electrophoresis and electroosmosis mediate receptor redistribution. Joule heating and plasma membrane calcium channel activation were shown not to be involved in the mechanism of receptor redistribution. Applied external electric fields may reorganize cytoskeletal and plasma membrane structures, providing pathways for cell surface receptors to migrate anharmonically. A resonance-like effect induced by sinusoidal electric fields in a macromolecular dipole. Porschke D Biophysical Chemistry; 51 (1) p37-43 JUL 1994 *The linear dichroism of DNA fragments with 587 and 859 base pairs has been measured under sinusoidal electric fields over a broad range of frequencies. The sine- amplitude of the dichroism shows a distinct maximum at frequencies around 1 kHz at an effective electric field strength of approximate to 400 V/cm and at a salt concentration around 1 mM; this maximum does not appear at a field strength of approximate to 200 V/cm. At low frequencies, the initial period of the linear dichroism induced by the electric field shows a characteristic dependence on the phase of the enforcing sinusoidal electric field. The essential part of the system response is described by a deconvolution procedure with a quadratic dependence of the optical effect on the field strength and by two relaxation processes with amplitudes of opposite sign. These relaxation processes are virtually identical with those found independently in the relaxation response induced by rectangular field pulses under equivalent experimental conditions; under these conditions the stationary electric dichroism is positive. Additional processes found in the relaxation response induced by sinusoidal field pulses indicate some field-induced conformation change. The 'resonance' has been recorded by the electric dichroism, which reflects the physical process of molecular alignment, but it is concluded that this process is accompanied by a resonance effect in the molecular configuration. The resonance effect observed in the present case clearly does not correspond to resonance as defined in physics. Nevertheless, the maximum of a system response at a given frequency due to superposition of relaxation effects - corresponding to e.g. activation and inhibition - may be useful for a selective control of molecular processes. A magnetic pulse leads to a temporary deflection in the orientation of migratory birds. Wiltschko W; Munro U; Beason RC; Ford H; Wiltschko R Experientia; 50 (7) p697-700 JUL 15 1994 *Migratory Australian Silvereyes were treated with a strong magnetic pulse designed to alter the magnetization of the small magnetite particles that are found in birds' heads. Prior to the treatment, the birds preferred the northeasterly migratory direction. The pulse initially resulted in a 90 degrees clockwise shift of orientation; however, within about a week, the birds seemed to return to their original headings. These findings, which seem to suggest an involvement of magnetite in migratory orientation, are in contrast with previous findings which indicated that it is a light-dependent process. They are discussed in view of the current concepts on magnetoreception and on the role of magnetic information in avian orientation. Electrical polarisation in tissues of rat organs. Barsamian ST; Barsamian TK; Thomas GA Medical Science Research; 22 (7) p505-509 JUL 1 1994 Forces on biological cells due to applied alternating (AC) electric fields .1. Dielectrophoresis. Mahaworasilpa TL; Coster HGL; George EP Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes; 1193 (1) p118-126 JUL 13 1994 *Measurements are presented of dielectrophoretic forces for SP2 (mouse) and K562 (human) cells in external alternating electric fields over a frequency range of 10 kHz to 2 MHz. Using a spherical shell model of the cell, the dielectrophoretic force is derived from the interaction between the induced electric dipole moment in the cell and the external electric field. The frequency dependence of the force has its origin in the dispersion with frequency of the impedances of the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the external medium (a Maxwell-Wagner dispersion). The predicted tri-phasic form of the variation of the dielectrophoretic force is in good agreement with the experimental results presented. Using the theoretical model, the experimental measurements also provided an estimation of 0.18 +/- 0.03 S m(-1) and 0.12 +/- 0.04 S m(- 1) for the conductivities of the cytoplasm of cells of SP2 and K562, respectively, and 6.0 +/- 2.0 mF m(-2) and 2.0 +/- 1.0 mF m(-2) for the capacitances of the plasma membrane of these cells. No cancer risk for families of power station workers?. Tuffs A Lancet; 344 (8919) p398 AUG 6 1994 Simplification of the Wertheimer-Leeper wire code. Kaune WT; Savitz DA Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p275-282 1994 *Wire codes, introduced by Wertheimer and Leeper as a surrogate for residential magnetic fields, divide imputed exposure into several categories based on the configurations of electrical wiring within 40 m of homes. Using the data set gathered by Savitz et al. in the Denver, Colorado, area of the United States, we determined which of the wiring attributes that contribute to Wertheimer- Leeper coding are actually associated with low-power magnetic fields measured in bedrooms of subjects. The results led us to propose a considerably simplified three- category form of the Wertheimer-Leeper code that 1) drops the distinctions between thick and thin primary wires and between first-span and other secondary lines, 2) adds a new distinction between open (i.e., conductors not in physical contact) and spun secondaries, and 3) explains as much of the between-home variability in log- transformed bedroom fields as does the five categories of the original Wertheimer-Leeper code. The data necessary to classify residences using the modified code are considerably simpler to obtain and should lead to more reliable results. A separate reanalysis of the Denver data set of Savitz et al. shows that the modified code yields risk estimates that are both precise and markedly elevated for the highest exposure category, suggesting that this code may be useful in other studies. Sinusoidal 60 Hz electromagnetic fields failed to induce changes in protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. Kropinski AM; Morris WC; Szewczuk MR Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p283- 291 1994 *Escherichia coli JM83 {F- ara Delta(lac-proAB) rpsL [phi 80d Delta(lacZ)M15]} in midlog growth phase at 30 degrees C were exposed to 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 3 mT of nonuniform diverging flux, inducing a nonuniform electric field with a maximum intensity of 32 mu V/ cm using an inductor coil. Exposed and unexposed control cells were maintained at 30.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 30.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C, respectively. Quadruplicate samples of exposed and unexposed E. coli cells were simultaneously radiolabeled with S-35-L-methionine at 10 min intervals over 2 hr. Radiochemical incorporation into proteins was analyzed via liquid scintillation counting and by denaturing 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that E. coli exposed to a 60 Hz magnetic field of 3 mT exhibited no qualitative or quantitative changes in protein synthesis compared to unexposed cells. Thus small prokaryotic cells (less than 2 mu m x 0.5 mu m) under constant-temperature conditions do not alter their protein synthesis following exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields at levels at 3 mT. Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields. Nordenson I; Mild KH; Andersson G; Sandstrom M Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p293-301 1994 *Our recent studies have shown a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after exposure to a sinusoidal 50 Hz, 30 mu T (rms) magnetic field. To evaluate further interactions between chromosomes and electromagnetic fields, we have analyzed the effects of intermittent exposure. Amniotic cells were exposed for 72 h to a 50 Hz, 30 mu T (rms) magnetic field in a 15 s on and 15 s off fashion. Eight experiments with cells from different fetuses were performed. The results show a 4% mean frequency of aberrations among exposed cells compared to 2% in sham-exposed cells. The difference is statistically significant, with P < 0.05 both excluding and including gaps. In another series of eight experiments, the cells were exposed in the same way but with the field on for 2 s and off for 20 s. Also in these experiments a similar increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was seen, but only when the analysis included gaps. Continuous exposure for 72 h to 300 mu T, 50 Hz, did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The background electromagnetic fields at different locations within the two incubators used was carefully checked and was nowhere found to exceed 120 nT. Likewise, the background level of chromosomal aberrations in cells cultured at different locations in the incubators showed no significant interculture differences. Effect of microwave radiation on the permeability of carbonic anhydrase loaded unilamellar liposomes. Orlando AR; Mossa G; Dinzeo G Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p303-313 1994 *The influence of 2.45 GHz microwave exposure (6 mW/g) on the diffusion processes in enzyme-loaded unilamellar liposomes as bioreactors was studied. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) was entrapped into cationic unilamellar vesicles. Previous kinetic experiments showed a very low self-diffusion rate of the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) across intact liposome bilayer. A twofold increase in the diffusion rate of PNPA through the lipid bilayer was observed after 120 min of microwave radiation compared to temperature control samples. The microwave effect was time dependent. The enzyme activity, as a function of increased diffusion of PNPA, rises over 120 min from 22.3% to 80%. The increase in stearylamine concentration reduces the enzyme activity from 80% to 65% at 120 min. No enzyme leakage was observed. Synthesis of diazoluminomelanin (DALM) in HL-60 cells for possible use as a cellular-level microwave dosimeter. Bruno JG; Kiel JL Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p315-328 1994 *Chemical and bacterial synthesis of a thermochemiluminescent polymer known as diazoluminomelanin (DALM) has been previously reported. This paper focuses on the intracellular synthesis of aminomelanin (AM) in mammalian cell lines and subsequent DALM synthesis from this core molecule. B16 melanoma cells, HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophages show AM and DALM production. Macroscopic image analysis of HL-60 cell lysates containing DALM using the Quantitative Luminescence Imaging System (QLIS) showed increased chemiluminescence (CL) with increased microwave power input and increased temperature. This work represents a first step toward the goal of microscopic radiofrequency dosimetry of individual DALM-loaded cells using image analysis. Exposure of simian virus-40-transformed human cells to magnetic fields results in increased levels of T-antigen mRNA and protein. Gold S; Goodman R; Shirleyhenderson A Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p329-336 1994 *In its integrated form, SV-40 DNA offers an opportunity to observe the behavior of what is in effect a viral genome within a cellular genome, with transcriptional and translational products that can be clearly distinguished from those of the host cell. Exposure of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts to a 60 Hz continuous-wave sinusoidal electromagnetic (EM) field resulted in increased levels of virally derived mRNA and protein of large T- antigen. These findings provide evidence that a foreign DNA integrated into cells can be affected by EM fields under conditions known to cause increased transcripts from endogenous cellular genes. Development and evaluation of a location-specific wire code. Borghesi JL; Delpizzo V Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p337-347 1994 *The development of a wire code protocol based on a study of electrical installations in Melbourne, Australia, is described. Because of very significant differences between the Melbourne power distribution system and that used in Denver, Colorado, an approach different from that used by Wertheimer and Leeper was required. A combined practical and theoretical approach was used to determine a continuous exposure index, defined as a measure of the potential for exposure due to external electrical installations. The protocol was tested on a convenient sample of 41 homes in which the field was monitored over a 12 hour overnight period. A correlation of 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.92, P < .0001) was obtained between the measured time-weighted average and the wire coding exposure index. To assess the efficacy of the wiring configuration index, a computer simulation of a case- control study was then performed. It was concluded that, using the same basic reasoning of the Wertheimer and Leeper code, it is possible to develop a location-specific code that provides a good correlation with the residential time-weighted average and an acceptable degree of exposure misclassification. Effects of prenatal exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields on development in mice .1. Implantation rate and fetal development. Kowalczuk CI; Robbins L; Thomas JM; Butland BK; Saunders RD Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p349-361 1994 *Pregnant CD1 mice were exposed or sham-exposed from day 0 to day 17 of gestation to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 20 mT (rms). Preimplantation and postimplantation survival were assessed and fetuses examined for the presence of gross external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities. There were no statistically significant field-dependent effects on preimplantation or postimplantation survival, sex ratio, or the incidence of fetuses with internal or skeletal abnormalities. Magnetic field exposure was, however, associated with longer and heavier fetuses at term, with fewer external abnormalities. The results lend no support to suggestions of increased rates of spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation following prenatal exposure to power frequency magnetic fields. Effects of prenatal exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields on development in mice .2. Postnatal development and behavior. Sienkiewicz ZJ; Robbins L; Haylock RGE; Saunders RD Bioelectromagnetics; 15 (4) p363-375 1994 *To investigate the potential of magnetic fields to act as a behavioral teratogen, pregnant CD1 mice were exposed or sham- exposed for all of gestation to a 50 Hz/20 mT magnetic field. Maturation of offspring was assessed using a range of standard developmental indices (eye opening, pinna detachment, hair coat, tooth eruption, sexual maturity, and weight) and simple reflexive behaviors (air righting, surface righting, forepaw grasp, cliff avoidance, and negative geotaxis). Activity and coordination levels were explored in juvenile and adult mice using an open field arena, a head-dip board, an accelerating Rotarod, and a residential activity wheel. All assessments were carried out without knowledge of exposure condition. Results from 168 sham- exposed mice from 21 litters and from 184 exposed mice from 23 litters were compared using survival analysis techniques and multivariate regression methods. Three possible field- dependent effects were found: Exposed animals performed the air righting reflex earlier (P < 0.01); exposed males (but not females) were significantly lighter in weight (P = 0.008) at 30 days of age; and exposed animals remained on a Rota-rod for less time as juveniles (P = 0.03). Some of these results have not been reported in other studies and may reflect spurious statistical significance, although some effect of magnetic field exposure cannot be ruled out. Overall, these results suggest that prenatal exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field does not engender any gross impairments in the postnatal development or behavior of mice. This does not preclude such exposure affecting more subtle aspects of behavior. Calcium is necessary in the cell response to EM fields. Karabakhtsian R; Broude N; Shalts N; Kochlatyi S; Goodman R; Henderson AS FEBS Letters; 349 (1) p1-6 JUL 25 1994 *Previous research showed that exposure of human HL-60 cells to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields increases the steady-state levels of some mRNAs. Modifications in calcium flux have been suggested as a means of amplifying electromagnetic signals, and induced changes in calcium influx could hypothetically lead to gene activation. The present experiments tested the role of calcium in the response of cells to electromagnetic fields. Steady state transcript levels for c-fos and c-myc were determined under conditions of low extracellular calcium. The present study confirms that calcium plays a role in the response of cells to electromagnetic fields.